Quantum information and coherence

290 Pages·2014·4.26 MB·English

by  Andersson

Scottish Graduate Series
Erika Andersson
Patrik Öhberg Editors
Quantum
Information
and
Coherence
Scottish Graduate Series
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/11662
Scottish Graduate Series
The Scottish Graduate Series is a long-standing series of graduate level texts
proceeding from the Scottish Universities Summer Schools in Physics (SUSSP).
SUSSP was established in 1960 to contribute to the dissemination of advanced
knowledge in physics, and the formation of contacts among scientists from dif-
ferentcountriesthroughthesettingupofaseriesofannualsummerschoolsofthe
highest international standard. Each school is organized by its own committee
whichisresponsibleforinvitinglecturersofinternationalstandingtocontributean
in-depth lecture series on one aspect of the area being studied.
Erika Andersson Patrik Öhberg
•
Editors
Quantum Information
and Coherence
123
Editors
Erika Andersson
Patrik Öhberg
Instituteof Photonics
andQuantum Sciences
Heriot-Watt University
Edinburgh
UK
ISBN 978-3-319-04062-2 ISBN 978-3-319-04063-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04063-9
Springer ChamHeidelberg New YorkDordrecht London
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014931768
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor
informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief
excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the
purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe
work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of
theCopyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must
always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the
CopyrightClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt
fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor
anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with
respecttothematerialcontainedherein.
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Previous SUSSP Schools
1. 1960 Dispersion Relations
2. 1961 Fluctuation, Relaxation and Resonance in Magnetic Systems
3. 1962 Polarons and Excitons
4. 1963 Strong Interactions and High Energy Physics
5. 1964 Nuclear Structure and Electromagnetic Interactions
6. 1965 Phonons in Perfect Lattices and in Lattices with Point Imperfections
7. 1966 Particles Interactions at High Energy
8. 1967 Methods in Solid-State and Superfluid Theory
9. 1968 Physics of Hot Plasmas
10. 1969 Quantum Optics
11. 1970 Hadronic Interactions of Photons and Electrons
12. 1971 Atoms and Molecules in Astrophysics
13. 1972 Electronic and Structural Properties of Amorphous Semiconductors
14. 1973 Phenomenology of Particles at High Energy
15. 1974 The Helium Liquids
16. 1975 Non-linear Optics
17. 1976 Fundamentals of Quark Models
18. 1977 Nuclear Structure Physics
19. 1978 Metal Non-metal Transitions in Disordered Solids
20. 1979 Laser–Plasma Interactions: 1
21. 1980 Gauge Theories and Experiments at High Energy
22. 1981 Magnetism in Solids
23. 1982 Lasers: Physics, Systems and Techniques
24. 1982 Laser–Plasma Interactions: 2
25. 1983 Quantitative Electron Microscopy
26. 1983 Statistical and Particle Physics
27. 1984 Fundamental Forces
28. 1985 Superstrings and Supergravity
29. 1985 Laser–Plasma Interactions: 3
30. 1985 Synchrotron Radiation
31. 1986 Localisation and Interaction
32. 1987 Computational Physics
33. 1987 Astrophysical and Laboratory Spectroscopy
v
vi PreviousSUSSPSchools
34. 1988 Optical Computing
35. 1988 Laser–Plasma Interactions: 4
36. 1989 Physics of the Early Universe
37. 1990 Pattern Recognition and Image Processing
38. 1991 Physics of Nanostructures
39. 1991 High Temperature Superconductivity
40. 1992 Quantitative Microbeam Analysis
41. 1992 Spatial Complexity in Optical Systems
42. 1993 High Energy Phenomenology
43. 1994 Determination of Geophysical Parameters from Space
44. 1994 Simple Quantum Systems
45. 1994 Laser–Plasma Interactions 5: Inertial Confinement Fusion
46. 1995 General Relativity
47. 1995 Laser Sources and Applications
48. 1996 Generation and Application of High Power Microwaves
49. 1997 Physical Processes in the Coastal Zone
50. 1998 Semiconductor Quantum Opto-Electronics
51. 1998 Muon Science
52. 1998 Advances in Lasers and Applications
53. 1999 Soft and Fragile Matter: Non-equilibrium Dynamics, Metastability
and Flow
54. 2000TheRestlessUniverse:ApplicationsofGravitationalN-bodyDynamics
to Planetary, Stellar and Galactic Systems
55. 2001 Heavy Flavour Physics
56. 2002 Ultrafast Photonics
57. 2003 Large Hadron Collider Phenomenology
58. 2004 Hadron Physics
59. 2004 Soft Condensed Matter in Molecular and Cell Biology
60. 2005 Laser Plasma Interactions
61. 2006 Neutrino Physics
62. 2007 Extrasolar Planets
63. 2008 High Pressure Physics
64. 2008 Advanced Techniques in Electron Spin Resonance
65. 2009 LHC Physics
66. 2010 Ultrafast Non-linear Optics
67. 2011 Quantum Information and Quantum Coherence
68. 2011 Laser–Plasma Interactions and Applications
Preface
The field of quantum information and quantum coherence has come a long way
since the previous SUSSP44 summer school on a similar topic, Simple Quantum
Systems at Stirling in 1994. There has been a surge of interest in both theoretical
and experimental aspects ofquantuminformation. Its attraction lies mainly in the
fact that it is relevantnot only for the foundations of quantum physics but also to
applications in the field of quantum technologies, with the enigmatic quantum
computer being perhaps the most prominent example. In the last two decades,
there has been a shift from the emphasis on fundamental quantum physics theory
and experiments, on simply generating and measuring quantum systems, towards
theirpurposefulcontrolandmanipulation.Themain drivingforcebehindthishas
been the rapidly developing field of quantum information. One example is quan-
tumkeydistribution,whichduringthisperiodhaschangedfromproof-of-principle
laboratory-based science to a set of commercially available security products for
theinformationexchangemarket.Agreaterchallenge,theuseofquantumsystems
forinformationprocessing,isatanearlierstage.Quantuminformationprocessing,
due to the parallel nature of information in entangled quantum systems, can be
much more efficient than classical computation for certain problems. A key
component in all the above is the generation and protection of coherence in
quantum systems.
The SUSSP67 summer school on Quantum Information and Coherence was
held at Strathclyde University in Glasgow 28 July–9 August 2011 (Fig. 1). With
152participantsand14lecturers,spanningabroadrangeoftopicsfromaspectsof
quantum information and coherent phenomena, the school provided a buzzing
atmosphere.Thegoalofthe schoolwas twofold. First,tobroadenanddeepen the
background knowledge of young researchers in the general areas of quantum
information and coherence through a series of advanced lectures given by
acknowledged experts in the field. Second, to provide a perspective of the latest
research and future trends in this area. The summer school provided an intensive
programme, with formal lectures and discussion sessions combined with a pro-
gramme of social and cultural events which created a relaxed and stimulating
atmosphereforinteractionandlearning.Mostlecturersgavefourone-hourlectures
with both tutorial introductions and state-of-the-art developments in their area.
vii
viii Preface
Fig.1 SUSSP67participants.TheBaronyHall,Glasgow2011.PhotobyDanielOi
These proceedings are based on 10 of the 14 sets of lectures given by
S.M.Barnett,I.Bloch,D.Bouwmeester,M.Hillery,G.Milburn,N.Lütkenhaus,
M. Padgett, M. Plenio, A. Sinclair and K.-A. Suominen.
Edinburgh, June 2013 Erika Andersson
Patrik Öhberg
Contents
1 Quantum Retrodiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Stephen M. Barnett
2 Probing and Controlling Quantum Matter Using Ultracold
Quantum Gases in Optical Lattices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Immanuel Bloch
3 Towards Macroscopic Superpositions via Single-photon
Optomechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Brian Pepper, Petro Sonin, Evan Jeffrey, Hedwig Eerkens,
Sven de Man and Dirk Bouwmeester
4 An Introduction to Quantum Algorithms:
A Physicist’s Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Mark Hillery
5 Quantum Key Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Norbert Lütkenhaus
6 Quantum Control Based on Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
G. J. Milburn
7 Orbital Angular Momentum: Testbed for Quantum
Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
J. Romero and M. J. Padgett
8 An Introduction to Entanglement Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Martin B. Plenio and Shashank S. Virmani
ix