Table Of ContentQuantum Computing and
Other Transformative Technologies
RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN COMPUTING AND
INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Series Editors
K.C. CHEN SANDEEP SHUKLA
National Taiwan University, Virginia Tech,
Taipei, Taiwan USA
University of South Florida, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur,
USA India
The “River Publishers Series in Computing and Information Science and Technology” covers research
which ushers the 21st Century into an Internet and multimedia era. Networking suggests transportation
of such multimedia contents among nodes in communication and/or computer networks, to facilitate the
ultimate Internet.
Theory, technologies, protocols and standards, applications/services, practice and implementa-
tion of wired/wireless
The “River Publishers Series in Computing and Information Science and Technology” covers
research which ushers the 21st Century into an Internet and multimedia era. Networking suggests
transportation of such multimedia contents among nodes in communication and/or computer networks,
to facilitate the ultimate Internet.
Theory, technologies, protocols and standards, applications/services, practice and implemen-
tation of wired/wireless networking are all within the scope of this series. Based on network and
communication science, we further extend the scope for 21st Century life through the knowledge
in machine learning, embedded systems, cognitive science, pattern recognition, quantum/biological/
molecular computation and information processing, user behaviors and interface, and applications
across healthcare and society.
Books published in the series include research monographs, edited volumes, handbooks and text-
books. The books provide professionals, researchers, educators, and advanced students in the field
with an invaluable insight into the latest research and developments.
Topics included in the series are as follows:-
• Artificial Intelligence • Information Theory
• Cognitive Science and Brian Science • Machine Intelligence
• Communication/Computer Networking • Neural Computing and Machine Learning
Technologies and Applications • Parallel and Distributed Systems
• Computation and Information Processing • Programming Languages
• Computer Architectures • Reconfigurable Computing
• Computer Networks • Research Informatics
• Computer Science • Soft Computing Techniques
• Embedded Systems • Software Development
• Evolutionary Computation • Software Engineering
• Information Modelling • Software Maintenance
For a list of other books in this series, visit www.riverpublishers.com
Quantum Computing and
Other Transformative Technologies
Ahmed Banafa
Professor of Engineering at San Jose State University (USA)
and
Instructor of Continuing Studies at Stanford University (USA)
River Publishers
Published 2023 by River Publishers
River Publishers
Alsbjergvej 10, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark
www.riverpublishers.com
Distributed exclusively by Routledge
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4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Quantum Computing and Other Transformative Technologies / Ahmed Banafa.
©2023 River Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
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written permission of the publishers.
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
ISBN 978-87-7022-684-4 (print)
ISBN 978-10-0079-432-8 (online)
ISBN 978-1-003-33917-5 (ebook master)
While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher,
authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions.
Dedication
In the loving memory of my son Malik
Contents
Preface xvii
Audience xix
Acknowledgment xxi
List of Figures xxiii
List of Abbreviations xxv
Introduction 1
Part 1 Quantum Computing 3
1 What is Quantum Computing? 5
1.1 A Comparison of Classical and Quantum Computing . . . . 5
1.2 Quantum Superposition and Entanglement . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Difficulties with Quantum Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 The Future of Quantum Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Quantum Cryptography 9
2.1 Problems with using Quantum Cryptography . . . . . . . . . 10
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Quantum Internet 13
3.1 What is Quantum Internet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Quantum Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4 Quantum Teleportation 17
4.1 Quantum Teleportation: Paving the Way for a
Quantum Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
vii
viii Contents
5 Quantum Computing and IoT 21
5.1 A Comparison of Classical and Quantum Computing . . . . 22
5.2 Quantum Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.3 Quantum Computing and IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.4 The Road Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6 Quantum Computing and Blockchain: Myths and Facts 27
6.1 Difficulties with Quantum Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.2 What Is Quantum Supremacy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.3 What is Quantum Cryptography? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7 Quantum Computing and AI: A Mega-Buzzword 31
7.1 What is Quantum Computing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.2 Difficulties with Quantum Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.3 Applications of Quantum Computing and AI . . . . . . . . . 32
7.4 Processing Large Sets of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.5 Solve Complex Problem Faster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.6 Better Business Insights and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.7 Integration of Multiple Sets of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.8 The Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8 Quantum Computing Trends 37
8.1 A Comparison of Classical and Quantum Computing . . . . 37
8.2 Physical vs. Logical Qubits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
8.3 Quantum Superposition and Entanglement . . . . . . . . . . 39
8.4 Quantum Emulator/Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
8.5 Quantum Annealer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
8.6 Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) Computers . . . 40
8.7 Universal Quantum Computers/Cryptographically Relevant
Quantum Computers (CRQC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
8.8 Post-Quantum/Quantum-Resistant Codes . . . . . . . . . . 41
8.9 Difficulties with Quantum Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Part 2 Other Computing Technologies 43
9 What is Deep Learning? 45
9.1 Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
9.2 Deep Learning vs. Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Contents ix
9.3 The Deep Learning Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
9.4 The Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
10 Affective Computing 49
10.1 Emotion in Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
10.2 The Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
11 Autonomic Computing 53
11.1 Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
11.2 Future of Autonomic Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Part 3 Big Data, Dark Data, Thick Data, and Small Data 57
12 Thick Data vs. Big Data 59
12.1 Comparison of Big Data and Thick Data . . . . . . . . . . 60
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
13 Understanding Dark Data 65
13.1 Types of Dark Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
13.2 Value of Dark Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
13.3 Future of Dark Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
14 Small Data vs. Big Data: Back to the Basics 69
14.1 Why Small Data? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
14.2 The Future of Small Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
15 What is a Data Lake? 73
15.1 Data Lake vs. Data Warehouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
15.2 Five Key Components of a Data Lake Architecture . . . . . 74
15.3 Data Lake Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
15.4 Data Lake Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
15.5 The Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Part 4 Cloud Computing 79
16 Edge Computing Paradigm 81
16.1 Advantages of Edge Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
16.2 Benefits of Edge Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
