Table Of ContentLecture Notes in Computer Science 977
Edited by G. Goos, J. Hartmanis and J. van Leeuwen
Advisory Board: W. Brauer D. Gries J. Stoer
Heinz Beilner Falko Bause (Eds.)
evitatitnauQ noitaulavE
of Computing dna
noitacinummoC Systems
8th International Conference on Modelling Techniques
and Tools for Computer Performance Evaluation
Performance Tools '95
8th GI/ITG Conference on Measuring, Modelling and
Evaluating Computing and Communication Systems
MMB '95
Heidelberg, Germany, September 20-22, 1995
Proceedings
r e g n~ i r p S
Series Editors
Gerhard Goos, Karlsruhe University, Germany
Juris Hartmanis, Cornell University, ,YN USA
Jan van Leeuwen, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Volume Editors
Heinz Beilner
Falko Bause
Lehrstuhl Informatik ,VI Universit~it Dortmund
D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
Cataloging-in-Publication data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Quantitative evaluation of computing and communication
systems : proceedings / 8th International Conference on
Modelling Techniques and Tools for Computer Performance
Evaluation, Performance Tools '95 ; 8th GI/ITG Conference on
Measuring, Modelling and Evaluating Computing and
Communication Systems, MMB '95, Heidelberg, Germany,
September 20 - 22, 1995. Heinz Beilner ; Falko Bause ted.). -
Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Barcelona ; Budapest ; Hong
Kong ; London ; Milan ; Paris ; Tokyo : Springer, 1995
(Lecture notes in computer science ; Vol. 977)
ISBN 3-540-60300-X
NE: Beilner, Heinz Hrsg.; International Conference on Modelling
Techniques and Tools for Computer Performance Evaluation <8, ,5991
Heidelberg>; GT
CR Subject Classification (1991): C.2, C.4, C.1
ISBN 3-540-60300-X Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,
reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication
or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965,
in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer -Verlag. Violations are
liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
(cid:14)9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1995
Printed in Germany
Typesetting: Camera-ready by author
SPIN 10487115 06/3142 - 5 4 3 2 i 0 Printed on acid-free paper
Preface
Computing and Communication Systems have always been, and will always be,
faced with manyfold requirements regarding functionality and correctness, per-
formance and dependability, and various others. In spite of the key role that
is regularly attributed to the performance and dependability properties of sy-
stems, corresponding quantitative system assessments have still not attained an
appropriate position in real-life system design and development. The reasons for
this undesirable status appear more or less obvious, stemming from the obser-
vations that special expertise seems to be required for quantitative assessments
and that the extra effort and time apparently demanded for such assessments
appear non-affordable in our time-pressed era.
It is with pleasure that we present this conference proceedings volume as a
further step towards overcoming the real and perceived obstacles before quan-
titative system evaluation. The volume contains the invited and the submitted
contributions for an international conference in the junction of two established
conference series
International Conference on GI / ITG Conference on
Modelling Techniques and Tools Measuring, Modelling and Evaluating
for Computer Performance Evaluation Computing and Communication Systems
"PERFORMANCE TOOLS" "MMB"
with their predecessor conferences
1984 Paris 1981 Jiilich
1985 Sophia Antipolis 1983 Stuttgart
1987 Paris 1985 Dortmund
1989 Palma 1987 Erlangen
1991 Torino 1989 Braunschweig
1992 Edinburgh 1991 Neubiberg
1994 Wien 1993 Aachen
This eighth continuation of both series maintains the tradition of its pre-
decessors: Contributions range over measurement- and model-based approaches
for quantitative system assessment, report on theoretical and methodological
progress, present both novel and improved assessment techniques, their tool im-
plementations and, last but not least, their applications. The prominent role is
particularly acknowledged of performance tools which may considerably support
the practical application of quantitative assessment techniques both by lowering
the required level of expertise and by reducing the involved effort.
Iv
In response to the call for papers, 68 papers were received and each reviewed
by three independent referees. The programme committee selected 62 submis-
sions (with authors from 21 countries) for presentation. These contributions,
enhanced by 2 invited contributions on particular application areas, are con-
tained in this volume in the order of their presentation at the conference. In
addition to the paper presentations, a variety of demonstrations of measurement
and modelling tools form an important part of this conference. Descriptions of
demonstrations and tools are available to the conference participants as a volume
in the series of Research Reports, Fachbereich Informatik, Universit~t Dortmund
(nr. 581/1995). This report also contains two proposals on interchange formats
for performance modelling tools as discussed in a special session of the confe-
rence. Copies of the report will be made available to non-participants on request.
I am very pleased to acknowledge the tremendous effort of all programme
committee members, of all external referees and in particular of my Dortmund
colleague Falko Bause, that went into preparing the conference program and pro-
ceedings, and express my deepest gratitude for it. I extend my special gratitude
to all authors of submitted papers, and of tool and application demonstrations.
Sincerely felt thanks are obviously due, and are whole-heartedly extended, to all
sponsoring and supporting organisations.
At the time of writing, the conference itself lies still in the future, with the
main burden of responsibility now passing over to our colleagues at the IBM
European Networking Center, Heidelberg. May I conclude by expressing deep
thanks to IBM ENC for her sizeable support of this conference, my particular
thanks to Martin Paterok of ENC and his team for the large amount of time
and effort that they have already spent on the conference preparations and
will unquestionably still have to spend in the months ahead, and for the good
cooperation that we had the pleasure of experiencing.
Dortmund, July 1995 Heinz Beilner
Program Committee
Gianfranco ,oblaB ylatI Martin Paterok, Germany
Heinz Beilner, Germany (Organization Chair)
(Program )riahC Brigitte Plateau, France
Reinhard Bordewisch, Germany Rob Pooley, UK
Onno J. Boxrna, Netherlands Ramon Puigjaner, Spain
Maria Calzarossa, Italy Guy PujoUe, France
Adrian Conway, USA Daniel A. Reed, USA
Larry Dowdy, USA Martin Reiser, Switzerland
Erol Gelenbe, France William Sanders, USA
Wolfgang Gfirich, Germany Herb Schwetman, USA
Giinter Haring, Austria Giuseppe Serazzi, Italy
Peter Harrison, UK Connie Smith, USA
Ulrich Herzog, Germany Arne Solvberg, Norway
Peter Hughes, UK Otto Spaniol, Germany
Raj Jain, USA Peter P. Spies, Germany
Hisashi Kobayashi, USA William Stewart, USA
Pieter Kritzinger, South Africa Hideaki Takagi, Japan
Paul Kfihn, Germany Satish Tripathi, USA
Axel Lehmann, Germany Kishor S. Trivedi, USA
Raymond Marie, France Bernhard Walke, Germany
Referees (in addition to all PC members)
Ashutosh Aggarwal Hans Michael Gerndt Jogesh K. Muppala
Falko Bause Carmelita GSrg H~di Nabli
Matthias Oliver Berger Holger Hermanns Jitu Padhye
G. Brasche Oliver Hermanns Dirk Pfeifer
Peter Buchholz Jane Hillston Markus Pietschmann
Hector Cancela Heinz Kabutz Afonso de C. Pinto
Rosemary Candlin Stefan K~tker Edwige Pitel
Giovanni Chiola Latha Kant Claudia Popien
Paolo Cremonesi J. Kassubek Ennio Pozzetti
Tessera Daniele William Knottenbelt Antonio Puliafito
Peter Dauphin Anand Kuratti Apratim Purkayastha
Susanna Donatelli Uwe Langer Akber Qureshi
Jean-Luc Dorel James Ledoux P~hul l~hatekar
Klaus Echtle Louis-Marie Leny H. Rzehak
Andreas Fasbender Ian Macadie lebri~B remri~whcS
Tony Field Luai Malhis Michael Sczittnick
Wilhelm FSckeler Stephanie Mahevas Matteo Sereno
Ricardo Fricks Pietro Manzoni Bruno Sericola
Rossano Gaeta Luisa Massari Roya Ulrich
aleirbaG Gahse Alessandro Merlo Chang-Yu Wang
.J.A Ganesh Vassilis Mertsiotakis Harald Willeke
iiiv
The conference saw sponsored by
Gesellschaft fur Informatlk (GI), Germany
and organized by the
GI/ITG Special Interest Group on
Measuring, Modelling and Evaluating Computing Systems, Germany
in cooperation with the
IBM European Networking Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
The ecnerefnoc enjoyed additional sponsorship by
AICA Working Group on Performance Evaluation~ Italy
Asociaclon de Tecnlcos de Informatlca (ATI), Spain
The British Computer Society
Performance Engineering Specialist Group (BCS/PESG)
IFIP Working Group 7.3 (Computer System Modelling)
ITG-Fachgruppe 1.2.1 (Verkehrstheorie), Germany
(}sterreichische Computer Gesellschaft (OCG), Austria
eW gratefully egdelwonkca the support, of various types, by
IBM Germany Scientific Center, Heidelberg, Germany
Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme, Mfinchen, Germany
Bezlrkssparkasse Heidelberg, Germany
Computing Center, Universitfit Heidelberg, Germany
Fachbereich Informatlk, Unlversltfit Dortmund, Germany
Contents
Evaluation of a CPU Scheduling Mechanism
for Synchronized Multimedia Streams ....................................... 1
Ralf Steinmetz, Lars .C Wolf (Invited Contribution)
An Application of SMART2:
A Tool for Performance Evaluation of Relational DataBase Programs ...... 11
Jihad Boulos, Didier Boudigue
Measuring Fault Tolerance with the FTAPE Fault Injection Tool .......... 62
Timothy K. Tsai, Ravishankar K. Iyer
Queueing Analysis of Discrete-Time Buffer Systems
with Compound Arrival Process and Variable Service Capacity ............ 14
Bart Vinck, Herwig Bruneel
The Method of Moments for Higher Moments
and the Usefulness of Formula Manipulation Systems ...................... 65
Martin Paterok, Peter Dauphin, Ulrich Herzog
Integration of Performance Evaluations in the Design Process
of CPUs and Computer Systems ........................................... 17
ewU Langer
Information Requirements for Software Performance Engineering ........... 68
Lloyd .G Williams, Connie .U Smith
Integrating Behavioural and Simulation Modelling ........................ 201
Rob Pooley
Assessment of 3rd Generation Mobile Systems by Simulation ............. 711
John Dunlop (Invited Contribution)
How Good is Stationary Analysis for the Transient Phenomena
of Connection Admission in ATM? ....................................... 531
Christoph Herrmann
On the Exact and Approximate Analysis
of Hierarchical Discrete Time Queueing Networks ......................... 051
Peter Buchholz
Steady State Analysis of Markov Regenerative SPN
with Age Memory Policy ................................................. 561
MiklSs Telek, Andrea Bobbio, Ldszl6 Jereb,
Antonio Puliafito, Kishor S. Trivedi
A New Iterative Method for Solving Large-Scale Markov Chains .......... 081
Abderezak Touzene
A New Iterative Numerical Solution Algorithm
for Markovian Queueing Networks ........................................ 491
Werner Knaup
(cid:141)
Transient Analysis of Deterministic and Stochastic Petri Nets
with TimeNET .......................................................... 209
Reinhard German, JSrg Mitzlaff
QPN-Tool for the Specification and Analysis
of Hierarchically Combined Queueing Petri Nets .......................... 224
Falho Bause, Peter Buchholz, Peter Kemper
Approximate Analysis of Networks of PHI PH I K11 Queues:
Theory & Tool Support .................................................. 239
Boudewijn R, Haverkort
Speedy: An Integrated Performance Extrapolation Tool
for pC++ Programs ..................................................... 254
Bernd W. Mohr, Allen D. Malony, Kesavan 5hanmugam
HASSE: a Tool for Analyzing Causal Relationships
in Parallel and Distributed Systems ...................................... 269
Peter Dauphin, Richard Hofrnann
PerPreT - A Performance Prediction Tool
for Massively Parallel Systems ............................. .............. 284
Jiirgen Brehm, Manish Madhukar, Evgenia Smirni, Larry Dowdy
Compile-Time Performance Prediction of Parallel Systems ................ 299
Arian J.C. van Gemund
Workload Models for Multiwindow Distributed Environments ............. 314
S.V. Raghavan, P.J. Joseph, Giinter Hating
Building a Hierarchical CAN-Simulator
Using an Object-Oriented Environment ................................... 327
Martin Lang, Matthias Stiimpfle, Hartmut Kocher
Performance-Oriented Development of Irregular, Unstructured
and Unbalanced Parallel Applications in the N-MAP Environment ........ 340
Alois Ferscha, Allen D. Malony
Performance Engineering of Distributed Software Process Architectures ... 357
gerG Hills, Jerome Rolia, Giuseppe Serazzi
Performance Evaluation of Connectionless Multicast Protocols
for Cooperative Multimedia Applications ................................. 372
Oliver Hermanns
Modeling Relaxed Memory Consistency Protocols ........................ 385
Christoph Lindemann, Friedrieh Sch6n
Measurement, Modelling and Emulation of Internet Round-Trip Delays ... 401
Andreas Fasbender, Peter Davids
Evaluation of a
CPU Scheduling Mechanism
for Synchronized Multimedia Streams
Ralf ,ztemnietS Lars C Wolf
IBM European Networking Center
VangerowstraBe 18, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
Phone: +49-6221-59-4280, Fax: +49-6221-59-3300
,ztemniets{ lwolf)@vnet.ibm.com
:tcartsbA Multimedia applications handling audio and video data have to obey
time characteristics of these media types - for a single stream of multimedia data
as well as for the synchronization of related streams. Correctness with respect to
time constraints requires mechanisms which lead to favored processing of multi-
media operations. CPU scheduling techniques based on the experience from
real-time operating systems offer a solution and provide multimedia applications
with the ability to meet time-related Quality of Service (QoS) requirements.This
presentation starts with an overview on the required Quality of Service for syn-
chronized audio and video streams. Subsequently it describes an implementation
of a CPU scheduler designed to run under IBM's AIX. The evaluation of the
implementation based on measurements shows that the scheduler is able to sup-
port the time requirements of multimedia applications and that such mechanisms
are indeed necessary since otherwise deadline violations occur.
:sdrowyeK multimedia, real time, scheduling, synchronization, operating sys-
tem support, quality of service, QoS
1 Introduction
In accordance with StNa95 we understand multimedia in the following way: A mul-
timedia system is characterized by the integrated computer-controlled generation,
manipulation, presentation, storage, and communication of independent discrete and
continuous media. The digital representation of data and the synchronization between
these various data are the key issues for integration. Synchronization is needed to
ensure a temporal ordering of events in a multimedia system.
The temporal ordering must also be applied to related data streams, where one of
the more common relationships is the simultaneous playback of audio and video in 'lip
synchronization'. Both media must be 'in sync' otherwise the result will not be
adjudged as satisfactory. In general synchronization involves relationships between all
kinds of media including pointers, graphics/images, animation, text, audio, and video.
As human perception varies from individual to individual it is usual in subjunctive
experiments to carry out experiments with a sample of individuals to obtain a reason-
able cross-section of results.
The lack of in-depth analysis of synchronization between the various kinds of
media and, in particular lip and pointer synchronization led us to conduct some experi-
