Quantitative Environmental Risk Analysis for Human Health

405 Pages·2007·8.56 MB·English

by  Robert A. Fjeld, Norman A. Eisenberg, Keith L. Compton

QUANTITATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL
RISK ANALYSIS FOR
HUMAN HEALTH
QUANTITATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL
RISK ANALYSIS FOR
HUMAN HEALTH
Robert A. Fjeld
Clemson University
Norman A. Eisenberg
University of Maryland
Keith L. Compton
Silver Spring, Maryland
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Copyright © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Fjeld, Robert A.
Quantitative environmental risk analysis for human health / Robert A. Fjeld,
Norman A. Eisenberg, Keith L. Compton.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-0-471-72243-4
ISBN-10: 0-471-72243-X
1. Health risk assessment. 2. Health risk assessment—Methodology. I.
Eisenberg, Norman A. II. Compton, Keith L. III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Environmental Exposure. 2. Risk Assessment—methods. WA 30.5
F455q 2006]
RA427.3.F554 2006
362.1—dc22
2006017999
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is dedicated to our wives:
Pam (Fjeld)
Wendy (Eisenberg)
Nilofar (Compton)
CONTENTS
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Risk Analysis 2
1.2 Risk 4
1.3 Contaminants in the Environment 8
1.4 Uses of Environmental Risk Assessment 10
1.5 Risk Assessment Process 13
References 19
Additional Reading 21
Problems 21
2 Fundamental Aspects of Environmental Modeling 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Modeling Process 23
2.3 Physical and Mathematical Basis for Risk Assessment Models 29
2.4 Contaminant Transport Equation 44
References 55
Problems 55
3 Release Assessment 60
3.1 Introduction 60
3.2 Conceptual Model 60
3.3 Contaminant Identifi cation 62
3.4 Emission-Rate Quantifi cation 66
References 78
Additional Reading 78
Problems 78
4 Environmental Transport Theory 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 One-Dimensional Solutions of the Contaminant Transport Equation 83
4.3 Three-Dimensional Contaminant Transport 96
4.4 Advanced Solution Methods 97
References 100
Additional Reading 100
Problems 101
vii
viii CONTENTS
5 Surface Water Transport 104
5.1 Introduction 104
5.2 Types of Surface Water Bodies 106
5.3 Sorption 109
5.4 Transport Modeling 116
References 123
Additional Reading 124
Problems 124
6 Groundwater Transport 127
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Subsurface Characterization 129
6.3 Saturated Flow in Porous Media 130
6.4 Sorption 137
6.5 Subsurface Contaminant Transport Modeling 139
6.6 Other Considerations in Groundwater Transport 148
References 152
Additional Reading 153
Problems 153
7 Atmospheric Transport 156
7.1 Introduction 156
7.2 Atmospheric Dispersion 156
7.3 Atmospheric Transport Models 161
7.4 Other Considerations 172
References 178
Additional Reading 179
Problems 179
8 Food Chain Transport 183
8.1 Introduction 183
8.2 Concentration in Soil 186
8.3 Concentration in Vegetation 190
8.4 Concentration in Animals 195
References 197
Problems 197
9 Exposure Assessment 199
9.1 Introduction 199
9.2 Dose 200
9.3 Contaminant Intake 204
9.4 Dose Calculations 209
References 216
Problems 217
CONTENTS ix
10 Basic Human Toxicology 219
10.1 Introduction 219
10.2 Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 220
10.3 Mechanisms and Effects of Toxicity 237
References 242
Additional Reading 244
Problems 244
11 Dose–Response and Risk Characterization 245
11.1 Introduction 245
11.2 Biological Basis of Dose–Response Modeling 245
11.3 Elements of Quantitative Dose–Response Analysis 247
11.4 Dose–Response Modeling 261
11.5 Risk Characterization 267
11.6 Regulatory Implementation 270
References 277
Additional Reading 279
Problems 279
12 Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses 283
12.1 Introduction 283
12.2 Types and Sources of Uncertainty 283
12.3 Statistical Fundamentals 289
12.4 Uncertainty Propagation 298
References 311
Problems 314
13 Stakeholder Involvement and Risk Communication 316
13.1 Introduction 316
13.2 Stakeholder Involvement 317
13.3 Risk Communication 325
References 332
Problems 335
14 Environmental Risk Management 336
14.1 Introduction 336
14.2 Risk Management Process 336
14.3 Risk Management Methods 337
References 354
Problems 355
15 Environmental Laws and Regulations 356
15.1 Introduction 356
15.2 G eneral Legal and Regulatory Structure for Environmental
Protection 356