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Quantitative Environmental Risk Analysis for Human Health PDF

405 Pages·2007·8.56 MB·English
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QUANTITATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ANALYSIS FOR HUMAN HEALTH QUANTITATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ANALYSIS FOR HUMAN HEALTH Robert A. Fjeld Clemson University Norman A. Eisenberg University of Maryland Keith L. Compton Silver Spring, Maryland A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifi cally disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fi tness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profi t or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Fjeld, Robert A. Quantitative environmental risk analysis for human health / Robert A. Fjeld, Norman A. Eisenberg, Keith L. Compton. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-471-72243-4 ISBN-10: 0-471-72243-X 1. Health risk assessment. 2. Health risk assessment—Methodology. I. Eisenberg, Norman A. II. Compton, Keith L. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Environmental Exposure. 2. Risk Assessment—methods. WA 30.5 F455q 2006] RA427.3.F554 2006 362.1—dc22 2006017999 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is dedicated to our wives: Pam (Fjeld) Wendy (Eisenberg) Nilofar (Compton) CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Risk Analysis 2 1.2 Risk 4 1.3 Contaminants in the Environment 8 1.4 Uses of Environmental Risk Assessment 10 1.5 Risk Assessment Process 13 References 19 Additional Reading 21 Problems 21 2 Fundamental Aspects of Environmental Modeling 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Modeling Process 23 2.3 Physical and Mathematical Basis for Risk Assessment Models 29 2.4 Contaminant Transport Equation 44 References 55 Problems 55 3 Release Assessment 60 3.1 Introduction 60 3.2 Conceptual Model 60 3.3 Contaminant Identifi cation 62 3.4 Emission-Rate Quantifi cation 66 References 78 Additional Reading 78 Problems 78 4 Environmental Transport Theory 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 One-Dimensional Solutions of the Contaminant Transport Equation 83 4.3 Three-Dimensional Contaminant Transport 96 4.4 Advanced Solution Methods 97 References 100 Additional Reading 100 Problems 101 vii viii CONTENTS 5 Surface Water Transport 104 5.1 Introduction 104 5.2 Types of Surface Water Bodies 106 5.3 Sorption 109 5.4 Transport Modeling 116 References 123 Additional Reading 124 Problems 124 6 Groundwater Transport 127 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Subsurface Characterization 129 6.3 Saturated Flow in Porous Media 130 6.4 Sorption 137 6.5 Subsurface Contaminant Transport Modeling 139 6.6 Other Considerations in Groundwater Transport 148 References 152 Additional Reading 153 Problems 153 7 Atmospheric Transport 156 7.1 Introduction 156 7.2 Atmospheric Dispersion 156 7.3 Atmospheric Transport Models 161 7.4 Other Considerations 172 References 178 Additional Reading 179 Problems 179 8 Food Chain Transport 183 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Concentration in Soil 186 8.3 Concentration in Vegetation 190 8.4 Concentration in Animals 195 References 197 Problems 197 9 Exposure Assessment 199 9.1 Introduction 199 9.2 Dose 200 9.3 Contaminant Intake 204 9.4 Dose Calculations 209 References 216 Problems 217 CONTENTS ix 10 Basic Human Toxicology 219 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 220 10.3 Mechanisms and Effects of Toxicity 237 References 242 Additional Reading 244 Problems 244 11 Dose–Response and Risk Characterization 245 11.1 Introduction 245 11.2 Biological Basis of Dose–Response Modeling 245 11.3 Elements of Quantitative Dose–Response Analysis 247 11.4 Dose–Response Modeling 261 11.5 Risk Characterization 267 11.6 Regulatory Implementation 270 References 277 Additional Reading 279 Problems 279 12 Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses 283 12.1 Introduction 283 12.2 Types and Sources of Uncertainty 283 12.3 Statistical Fundamentals 289 12.4 Uncertainty Propagation 298 References 311 Problems 314 13 Stakeholder Involvement and Risk Communication 316 13.1 Introduction 316 13.2 Stakeholder Involvement 317 13.3 Risk Communication 325 References 332 Problems 335 14 Environmental Risk Management 336 14.1 Introduction 336 14.2 Risk Management Process 336 14.3 Risk Management Methods 337 References 354 Problems 355 15 Environmental Laws and Regulations 356 15.1 Introduction 356 15.2 G eneral Legal and Regulatory Structure for Environmental Protection 356

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