Quality of Service in Optical Burst Switched Networks PDF
Preview Quality of Service in Optical Burst Switched Networks
Quality of Service in Optical Burst Switched Networks OPTICAL NETWORKS SERIES Series Editor Biswanath Mukherjee, University of California, Davis Other books in the series: OPTICAL WDM NETWORKS Biswanath Mukherjee, ISBN 0-387-29055-9 TRAFFIC GROOMING IN OPTICAL WDM MESH NETWORKS Keyao Zhu, Hongyue Zhu, Biswanath Mukherjee, ISBN 0-387-25432-3 SURVIVABLE OPTICAL WDM NETWORKS Canhui (Sam) Ou and Biswanath Mukherjee, ISBN 0-387-24498-0 OPTICAL BURST SWITCHED NETWORKS Jason P. Jue and Vinod M. Vo!&arane, ISBN 0-387-23756-9 QUALITY OF SERVICE IN OPTICAL BURST SWITCHED NETWORKS KEE CHIANG CHUA MOHAN GURUSAMY YONG LIU MINH HOANG PHUNG National University of Singapore a - Springer Kee Chaing Chua Mohan Gurusamy Yong Liu Minh Hoang Phung Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Quality of Service in Optical Burst Switched Networks Library of Congress Control Number: 2006934210 ISBN 0-387-3416 0-9 e-ISBN 0-387-47647-6 ISBN 978-0-387-34160-6 Printed on acid-free paper. O 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. Specially dedicated to: Nancy, Daryl and Kevin Chua -Kee Chaing Chua My parents and wife -Mohan Gurusamy My parents and wife -Yong Liu My family -Minh Hoang Phung Contents 1 INTRODUCTION............................... 1 1.1 Evolution of Optical Networks ................... 1 1.2 Overview of OBS Architecture ................... 7 1.2.1 System architecture ....................... 7 1.2.2 Burst assembly mechanisms ................ 10 1.2.3 Signaling mechanisms ..................... 12 1.3 Quality of Service Support in OBS Networks ...... 13 1.4 Overview ..................................... 16 References .......................................... 19 2 NODE-BASED QOS IMPROVEMENT MECHANISMS ................................. 23 2.1 Contention Resolution Approaches ............... 23 2.1.1 Optical buffering ......................... 24 2.1.2 Deflection routing......................... 27 2.1.3 Burst segmentation ....................... 29 2.1.4 Wavelength conversion .................... 29 2.2 Traditional Channel Scheduling Algorithms........ 31 2.2.1 Non-void filling algorithm .................. 32 2.2.2 Algorithms with void filling ................ 33 2.3 Burst-Ordered Channel Scheduling Approach ...... 35 2.4 Burst Rescheduling............................. 37 2.4.1 Burst rescheduling algorithms .............. 39 2.4.2 Signalling overhead ....................... 44 2.4.3 Performance study ........................ 45 VIII Contents 2.5 Ordered Scheduling ............................ 48 2.5.1 High-level description ..................... 48 2.5.2 Admission control test realisation ........... 51 2.5.3 Complexity analysis....................... 54 2.5.4 Performance study ........................ 56 References .......................................... 69 3 RELATIVE QOS DIFFERENTIATION ......... 73 3.1 Offset Time-Based Mechanisms .................. 73 3.1.1 Class isolation............................ 74 3.1.2 Loss probability analysis under 100% class isolation ................................. 74 3.1.3 Discussion ............................... 77 3.2 Burst Segmentation ............................ 78 3.3 Composite Burst Assembly with Burst Segmentation 80 3.4 Probabilistic Preemption-Based Mechanism........ 82 3.5 Header Packet Scheduling ....................... 82 3.6 Proportional QoS Differentiation ................. 83 3.6.1 Proportional burst loss provisioning ......... 84 3.6.2 Proportional packet average delay provisioning 85 3.7 Buffer Allocation Based Schemes................. 85 3.7.1 Buffer allocation in edge nodes ............. 85 3.7.2 FDL allocation in core nodes ............... 86 3.8 Burst Scheduling Based Scheme.................. 86 3.8.1 Bandwidth usage profile-based algorithms .... 86 3.8.2 A wavelength search space-based algorithm... 87 References .......................................... 89 4 ABSOLUTE QOS DIFFERENTIATION......... 91 4.1 Early Dropping ................................ 91 4.1.1 Overview ................................ 92 4.1.2 Calculation of the early dropping probability . 93 4.2 Wavelength Grouping .......................... 93 4.3 Integrating Early Dropping and Wavelength Grouping Schemes ............................. 95 4.4 Preemption ................................... 96 Contents IX 4.4.1 Probabilistic preemption ................... 96 4.4.2 Preemption with virtual channel reservation .. 97 4.4.3 Preemption with per-flow QoS guarantee capability................................ 98 4.4.4 Analysis ................................. 100 4.4.5 Numerical study .......................... 103 References .......................................... 109 5 EDGE-TO-EDGE QOS MECHANISMS ......... 111 5.1 Edge-to-edge QoS Provisioning .................. 111 5.1.1 Edge-to-edge classes as building blocks ...... 112 5.1.2 Per-hop classes as building blocks ........... 113 5.1.3 Link-based admission control ............... 116 5.1.4 Per-hop QoS class definition................ 117 5.1.5 Edge-to-edge signalling and reservation ...... 117 5.1.6 Dynamic class allocation................... 121 5.1.7 Numerical study .......................... 123 5.2 Traffic Engineering ............................. 128 5.2.1 Load balancing for best effort traffic......... 128 5.2.2 The streamline effect in OBS networks....... 139 5.2.3 Load balancing for reservation-based QoS traffic ................................... 145 5.2.4 Offline route optimisation .................. 154 5.3 Fairness ...................................... 162 5.3.1 Path length effect......................... 162 5.3.2 Max-min fairness ......................... 166 References .......................................... 175 6 VARIANTS OF OBS AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS................................... 177 6.1 Time-Slotted OBS ............................. 177 6.1.1 Time-sliced OBS.......................... 177 6.1.2 Optical burst chain switching............... 180 6.1.3 Performance study ........................ 184 6.2 WR-OBS ..................................... 186 6.3 OBS in Ring Networks.......................... 187 X Contents 6.3.1 Round-robin with random selection (RR/R) .. 188 6.3.2 Round-robin with persistent service (RR/P) .. 189 6.3.3 Round-robin with non-persistent service (RR/NP) ................................ 189 6.3.4 Round-robin with tokens (RR/Token) ....... 190 6.3.5 Round-robin with acknowledgement (RR/Ack) 190 6.4 Optical Burst Transport Networks................ 191 6.4.1 OBTN node architecture................... 191 6.4.2 OBTN architecture ....................... 192 6.5 Optical Testbed ............................... 192 6.5.1 Optical burst transport ring ................ 192 6.6 Future Directions .............................. 194 6.6.1 QoS provisioning in OBS networks with partial wavelength conversion capability ..... 194 6.6.2 QoS provisioning in time-slotted OBS networks194 References .......................................... 195 Index ............................................... 197 Preface Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is a promising switching architec- ture to support huge bandwidth demand in optical backbone net- worksthatuseWavelengthDivisionMultiplexing(WDM)technol- ogy. Due to its special features which combine the merits of optical circuit switching and packet switching, it can support high-speed transmission with fine bandwidth granularity using off-the-shelf technologies. OBS has attracted a lot of attention from researchers in the optical networking community. This book is devoted to a comprehensive discussion of the issues related to supporting qual- ity of service (QoS) in OBS networks. Some of these issues include various mechanisms for providing QoS support to multiple traffic classes including absolute as well as relative differentiation frame- works, edge-to-edge QoS provisioning and other non-mainstream variations of mechanisms that have been reported in recent lit- erature. It is hoped that this work will provide individuals inter- ested in QoS provisioning in OBS networks with a comprehensive overview of current research and a view of possible directions for future research. Singapore, Kee Chaing Chua June 2006 Mohan Gurusamy Yong Liu Minh Hoang Phung
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