Qualitative Research in Applied Linguistics: A Practical Introduction PDF
Preview Qualitative Research in Applied Linguistics: A Practical Introduction
Qualitative Research in Applied Linguistics This page intentionally left blank Qualitative Research in Applied Linguistics A Practical Introduction Edited by Juanita Heigham Sugiyama Jogakuen University and Robert A. Croker Nanzan University Selection and editorial matter © Juanita Heigham and Robert A. Croker 2009 Chapters © their authors 2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-21952-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin's Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN : 978–0–230–21953–3 paperback ISBN 978-0-230-21953-3 ISBN 978-0-230-23951-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230239517 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Acknowledgments ix Preface xi Notes on Contributors xiii Part I Overview 1 An Introduction to Qualitative Research 3 Robert A. Croker 2 What Makes Research ‘Qualitative’? 25 Donald Freeman Part II Qualitative Research Approaches 3 Narrative Inquiry 45 Garold Murray 4 Case Study 66 Michael Hood 5 Ethnography 91 Juanita Heigham and Keiko Sakui 6 Action Research 112 Anne Burns 7 Mixed Methods 135 Nataliya V. Ivankova and John W. Creswell Part III Qualitative Data Collection Methods 8 Observation 165 Neil Cowie 9 Interviews 182 Keith Richards 10 Open-Response Items in Questionnaires 200 James Dean Brown v vi Contents 11 Introspective Techniques 220 Sandra Lee McKay 12 Discourse Analysis 242 Anne Lazaraton Part IV Practical Issues 13 Ethics and Trustworthiness 263 Sharon F. Rallis and Gretchen B. Rossman 14 Writing Up Your Research 288 Christine Pearson Casanave Glossary of Qualitative Research Terms 306 Subject Index 325 Tables 1.1 The main characteristics of five qualitative research approaches 16 2.1 Choosing between data collection methods: a small example 32 3.1 From text to themes 55 6.1 Observational and nonobservational methods for action research 117 6.2 Using journals for action research 119 6.3 Presenting your action research 126 8.1 Key dimensions of observation 172 11.1 Main procedures to conduct verbal reports 225 11.2 Common problems with verbal report procedures 227 vii Figures 1.1 Qualitative data collection methods 19 2.1 The research cycle 29 2.2 Disciplines of the research process 35 7.1 Explanatory Design procedures in Saito and Ebsworth’s (2004) study 140 7.2 Exploratory Design procedures in Daud’s (1995) study 141 7.3 Triangulation Design procedures in Lopez and Tashakkori’s (2006) study 143 7.4 Embedded Design procedures in Andrews’s (2006) study 144 7.5 Visual diagram of Explanatory Design procedures in Jie and Xiaoqing’s (2006) study 151 viii Acknowledgments We would like to begin these acknowledgments by saying thank you to Sara Cotterall for the push that night in Kyoto to act on the idea of this book. It has taken a while, but with the help of many, we finally did it! We would also like to thank: ● our contributors for their patience and perseverance as this project grew and changed ● our colleagues who gave us time, space, and help to get this done ● our families and friends who cheered us on from the side lines ● our publishers at Palgrave who gently helped us through the rough spots ● Ueda-san for her delicious food and U2 for his quixotic company ● Shannon Kiyokawa for listening and listening and listening ● Anne Burns, Christine Pearson Casanave, and Keith Richards for helping us again and again with good advice and humor ● and the outside readers who gave so generously of their time and insight – thank you one and all! Umidahon Ashurova David Barker Michael Carroll Christine Pearson Casanave Steve Cornwell Heidi Evans Greg Hadley Louise Haynes Paul Hays Harumi Kimura David Kluge Yukihiro Kunisada Alan Mackenzie Fumiko Murase Mike Nix Midori Shikano Kazuyoshi Sato Mathew White Thanks are also due to the group who assisted us in a myriad of different ways: Jane Koerner, Dexter Da Silva, Damian Fitzpatrick, Carol Grbich, Joy Higgs, Tim Murphey, Michael Patton, Ronald Schaefer, and Connie Vivrett. ix
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