PVT Property Correlations : Selection and Estimation. PDF
Preview PVT Property Correlations : Selection and Estimation.
PVT Property Correlations This pageintentionallyleftblank PVT Property Correlations Selection and Estimation Ahmed El-Banbi Professor and Chair of Department,Petroleum Engineering, AUC,Cairo, Egypt Ahmed Alzahabi Assistant Professor,University ofTexasof thePermianBasin,Odessa, TX, United States Ahmed El-Maraghi Senior Petroleum Engineering,Qarun Petroleum Company,Cairo, Egypt GulfProfessionalPublishingisanimprintofElsevier 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyrightr2018ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationor methodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhom theyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceor otherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthe materialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-812572-4 ForInformationonallGulfProfessionalPublishingpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals PublishingDirector:JoeHayton SeniorAcquisitionsEditor:KatieHammon SeniorEditorialProjectManager:KattieWashington ProductionProjectManager:VijayarajPurushothaman CoverDesigner:ChristianBilbow TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Contents Biographies xi Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1. Introduction 1 ImportanceofAccuratePVTProperties 1 SaturatedandUndersaturatedReservoirs 3 CommonModelsforPVTModeling 5 Black-OilModels 5 ModifiedBlack-Oil(MBO)Models 7 CompositionalModels 8 Nomenclature 9 References 10 Problems 11 2. Reservoir-Fluid Classification 13 ReviewofReservoir-FluidClassifications 13 PracticalClassificationofGases 15 PracticalClassificationofOils 18 SummaryofReservoir-FluidClassificationCriteria 24 Nomenclature 24 References 24 Problems 25 3. Dry Gases 29 PVTPropertiesforDryGases 30 SpecificGravityofGas 30 GasDeviationFactor 31 GasFormationVolumeFactor 32 GasDensity 32 Problem1—CalculationofGasDensityandSpecificGravity 33 GasViscosity 35 GasCompressibility 36 v vi Contents HandlingPVTPropertiesforDryGases 37 EstimationofCriticalProperties 38 EstimationofReducedPressureandTemperature 43 EstimationofGasDeviationFactor 43 EstimationofOtherPVTPropertiesofGas 43 ApplicationsofTechniquestoComputePVT PropertiesforDryGases 44 Problem2—EstimationofCriticalProperties 44 Problem3—EstimationofGasDeviationFactor 49 Problem4—EstimationofOtherGasPVTProperties 50 EngineeringDryGasReservoirs 51 HeatContent 51 Problem5—EstimationofHeatingValueofNaturalGas 56 Nomenclature 59 References 60 FurtherReading 62 Problems 62 4. Wet Gases 65 PVTPropertiesforWetGases 66 HandlingPVTPropertiesforWetGases 66 Option1—FromReservoirGasComposition 67 Option2—FromReservoirGasSpecificGravity 67 Option3—FromKnowledgeofSurfaceCGR 67 Option4—Two-StageSeparationWithFullDefinition 68 Option5—Three-StageSeparationWithFullDefinition 68 Option6—Two-StageSeparation(Practical) 69 Option7—Three-StageSeparation(Practical) 69 SequenceofCalculations 70 ApplicationsofTechniquestoComputePVT PropertiesforWetGases 71 Problem1—CalculationofWetGasSpecificGravity 72 Problem2—CalculationofWetGasz-FactorandFormation VolumeFactor 74 EngineeringWetGasReservoirs 76 DewPointPressure 78 HeatContent 78 Problem3—CalculatingHeatContentforWetGases 79 VolumetricCalculationsofFluidsinPlaceforWetGasReservoirs 80 Problem4—CalculatingHydrocarboninPlaceforWetGases 81 EconomicConsiderationsforWetGasReservoirs 82 PlantProducts(GPM) 83 Nomenclature 83 References 84 FurtherReading 84 Problems 84 Contents vii 5. Gas Condensates 87 PVTPropertiesforGasCondensates 89 SpecificGravityofGasCondensates 89 DewPointPressure 89 GasDeviationFactor(z-Factor) 90 OtherPVTPropertiesforGasCondensates 90 Two-Phasez-Factor 90 Condensate(cid:1)GasRatioandCondensateYield 91 NaturalGasLiquids 92 ModifiedBlackOilApproachforGasCondensate 93 HandlingPVTPropertiesforGasCondensate 96 SequenceofCalculations 98 EngineeringGasCondensateReservoirs 98 DewPointPressure 99 Problem1—CalculationofDewPointPressurefora GasCondensate 100 HeatContent 102 GasinPlaceCalculationsforGasCondensateReservoirs 102 Problem2—CalculationofOriginalGasinPlacefor GasCondensateReservoirUsingMaterialBalanceEquations 104 PlantProducts(GallonsPerThousand) 104 Problem3—CalculationofGallonsPerThousand forGasCondensate 106 EstimationofModifiedBlackOilPVTProperties forGasCondensates 108 Problem4—CalculationofModifiedBlackOilPVT PropertiesforGasCondensate 108 Nomenclature 113 References 113 Problems 115 6. Volatile Oils 119 PVTPropertiesforVolatileOils 120 VaporizedOil(cid:1)GasRatio 120 ModifiedBlack-OilApproachforVolatileOil 121 HandlingPVTPropertiesforVolatileOils 122 SequenceofCalculations 124 EngineeringVolatileOilReservoirs 124 Problem1—CalculationofVolatileOilPVTProperties forDifferentTwo-StageSeparatorConditions 124 Problem2—CalculationofModifiedBlack-OilPVT PropertiesforVolatileOil 138 Nomenclature 143 References 143 Problems 144 viii Contents 7. Black Oils 147 PVTPropertiesforBlackOils 147 SpecificGravityofOil 148 Bubble-PointPressure 148 FormationVolumeFactorofOil 149 SolutionGas(cid:1)OilRatio 149 OilDensity 151 OilViscosity 152 CompressibilityofOil 153 HandlingPVTPropertiesforBlackOils 154 FieldDataforOilPVTCorrelations 160 SequenceofCalculations 166 ApplicationsofOilPVTCorrelations 166 Problem1—EstimatingInputDataforOilCorrelations 166 Problem2—CalculationofPVTPropertiesforaBlackOil 168 Problem3—EffectofPreknowledgeofBubble-PointPressure 170 Problem4—ShiftingCalculatedPVTProperties 171 Nomenclature 174 References 174 FurtherReading 179 Problems 180 8. Low Gas(cid:1)Oil Ratio Oils 183 PVTPropertiesforLowGas(cid:1)OilRatioOils 187 LowGas(cid:1)OilRatioOilViscosity 187 DeadandLiveOilViscosity 188 HandlingPVTPropertiesforLowGas(cid:1)OilRatioOils 189 SequenceofCalculations 191 EngineeringLowGas(cid:1)OilRatioOils 191 Problem1—CalculatingPVTPropertiesfor LowGas(cid:1)OilRatioOilReservoirs 191 Nomenclature 199 References 199 FurtherReading 200 Problems 200 9. Selection of PVTCorrelations 203 SelectionofPVTOilPropertiesCorrelations 204 CorrelationSelectionBasedonGeographicalLocation 204 CorrelationSelectionBasedonTypeofFluid 205 CorrelationSelectionBasedonRequiredPVTModel(Application) 205 CorrelationSelectionBasedonDataRangeandRanking 205 CorrelationSelectionBasedonExpertSystemorSetofRules 206 Contents ix ApplicationsforPVTCorrelationSelection 207 Problem1—ShowingtheVariationofCalculatedDew PointFromDifferentCorrelations 207 Problem2—SelectionofPVTCorrelationsBasedonRules 208 References 222 Problems 224 10. Artificial Neural Network Models for PVT Properties 225 BasicsofArtificialNeuralNetworkModels 225 ArtificialNeuralNetworkModelsforPredictingPVTProperties 229 ArtificialNeuralNetworkModelsDesign 234 Problem1—SimpleArtificialNeuralNetworkCalculations 234 ArtificialNeuralNetworkOptimization 240 ArtificialNeuralNetworkTopography 241 NumberofHiddenLayers 241 NodesperLayer 241 LayerConnection 241 WeightInitialization 242 TransformationFunction 242 ActivationFunction 242 ObjectiveFunction 242 OptimizationAlgorithm 243 TrainingControlParameters 243 RunningControlParameters 243 FutureDevelopmentandExpectations 243 Nomenclature 244 References 244 FurtherReading 246 Problems 246 AppendixA:OilCorrelationsFormulae 249 AppendixB:GasCorrelationsFormulae 309 AppendixC:OilCorrelationsRangeofApplicability 351 AppendixD:GasCorrelationsRangeofApplicability 375 AppendixE:ArtificialNeuralNetwork(ANN)Models RangeofApplicability 381 AppendixF:WorksheetsforOilPVTCorrelationsSelection 389 Index 403 For additional information on the topics covered in the book, visit the companion site: https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book- companion/9780128125724
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