Pump user's handbook : life extension

570 Pages·2014·19.516 MB·English

by  Budris, Allan R., Bloch, Heinz P

Pump User’s Handbook
Life Extension
4th Edition

Pump User’s Handbook
Life Extension
4th Edition
By
Heinz P. Bloch & Allan R. Budris
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bloch, Heinz P., 1933-
Pump user’s handbook : life extension / by Heinz P. Bloch & Allan R. Budris. -- 4th
edition.
pages cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-88173-720-8 (alkaline paper) -- ISBN 0-88173-721-6 (electronic) -- ISBN 978-
1-4822-2864-9 (Taylor & Francis distribution : alkaline paper) 1. Pumping machinery--
Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Budris, Allan R. II. Title.
TJ900.B648 2014
621.6’9--dc23
2013032243
Pump user’s handbook: life extension/by Heinz P. Bloch & Allan R. Budris. Fourth edition.
©2014 by The Fairmont Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publisher.
Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc.
700 Indian Trail
Lilburn, GA 30047
tel: [phone]; fax: [phone]
http://www.fairmontpress.com
Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd.
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd.
23-25 Blades Court
Deodar Road
London SW15 2NU, UK
E-mail: [email protected]
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 0-88173-720-8 (The Fairmont Press, Inc.)
ISBN 978-1-4822-2864-9 (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher, authors, and
editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions.
iv
Table of Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
Chapter 1
PUMP SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE COST REDUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Initial Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Installation Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Energy/Operating Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Maintenance and Repair Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Loss of Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Pump Reliability Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2
HOW TO BUY AND SHIP A BETTER PUMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Specification Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ANSI vs. API—How do They Differ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Process Industry Practices (PIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Supplementary Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Specification Checklists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Selecting a Knowledgeable Cooperative Vendor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Design Weaknesses Found in API Casing Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Bearing Housing Designs Merit Closer Attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Upgrading of Centrifugal Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Excessive Shaft Deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Factors Affecting Bearing Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Documentation is Part of Initial Purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Bid Tabulations Lead to Final Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
How to Ship Pump Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Chapter 3
PIPING, BASEPLATE, INSTALLATION, AND FOUNDATION ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . 35
Pump Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Field Installation Procedure for Pipe Spring Hangers and Pipe Supports . . . . . 40
Pump Baseplates and Grouting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Pump Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Pump Suction Strainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Eccentric Reducers and Straight Runs of Pipe at Pump Suction . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Chapter 4
OPERATING EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Total System Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Energy Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Energy Operating Cost Savings Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
v
System Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Creating Pump/System Head-Capacity Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Parallel Pump Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Additional Reliability Issues withParallel Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Specific Parallel Pump Guidelines/Process Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Impact of Variable Speed Control on Parallel Pump Operation . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Multi-Pump Parallel Operation—Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Parallel Pump Operations Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Grounding Ring Technology for Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) . . . . . . . . . 99
How to Optimize the Overall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Efficiency When Pumps are Operated as Both Pumps and
Power Recovery Turbines in the Same System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Understanding Periodic Switching of Process Pumps
and Power Recovery Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Chapter 5
IMPROVED PUMP HYDRAULIC SELECTION EXTENDS PUMP LIFE . . . . . . . . . . 115
Influence of Pump Hydraulic Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Operating Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Allowable Operating Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Suction Recirculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
Mitigating Suction Recirculation Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Suction Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
NPSH Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
NPSH Margin Reliability Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Total Pump Hydraulic Relative Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Pump Reliability Impact from System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Pump Sump Intake Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Water Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Chapter 6
IMPROVEMENTS LEADING TO
PUMP MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE COST REDUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Mechanical Maintenance Life Cycle Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Pump Reliability Reviews Start Before Purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Mean-Time-Between-Failure Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
“ANSI Plus®” Mechanical Seal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Sealed Power Ends and Expansion Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Bearing Housing Seals in the Lubrication Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Dual-Face Magnetic Bearing Housing Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Features of Upgraded Centrifugal Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Advanced Lubrication Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Telescoping Shaft Seal Sleeve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Dynamic Shaft Seal—an Occasional Alternative to the Mechanical Seal . . . . . .146
Consider Composite Materials in Centrifugal Pump Wear Components . . . . . .148
Chapter 7
BEARINGS IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Pump Bearing Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Radial Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
vi
Bearing Types Used in Centrifugal Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Pump Bearing Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Bearing Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
Bearing Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Oil-Bath Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Oil Ring Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Oil Mist Lubrication Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Grease Lubrication Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Bearing Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Bearing Mounting and Radial Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Housing Fits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Internal Radial Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Bearing Housing Sealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Angular Contact Ball Bearings in Centrifugal Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Bearing Preload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Universally Matchable Single Row Angular Contact Ball Bearings . . . . . . . . .172
Cages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Recommended Bearing Applications Summarized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
MRC Pumpac® Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Double-Row Angular Contact Ball Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Double-Row Angular Contact Bearings with Two Inner Rings . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Roller Bearings in Centrifugal Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Sliding Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Pivoted Shoe Thrust Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Parameters Related to Pivoted Shoe Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
End-Play and Radial Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Preload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Operation and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
Bearing Housing Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
Chapter 8
MECHANICAL SEAL SELECTION AND APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Design of Mechanical Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Types of Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Seal Face Lubrication Enhancements Employing Laser Etching Technology . . . .201
Seal Flush and Environmental Control Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
Reliability Improvement in Mechanical Seals — Analysis
of Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
Basic Considerations for Seal Users and Manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Designing for Decreased Failure Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Case Studies Involving Conversion from and to Different Seal Plans . . . . . . . .228
Enhancing the Seal Environment by Using Advanced Flow Inducers and
Bi-directional Internal Pump-around Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
Phasing Out Pump Packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
Dual Mechanical Seal Designs and API-682 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
Comparison of Different Dual Seal Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
More Mechanical Seal Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
What to Look for in Strategic Mechanical Seal Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . .246
vii
Chapter 9
IMPROVED LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANT APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
Extending Pump Life by Understanding Lube Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
Synthetic Lube Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
Balanced Constant Level Lubricators: How Cost-Effective? . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
Splash Lubrication, Oil Rings and Flinger Discs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
Why and How to Protect Bearings Against
Lube Contamination-Related Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
Lubricants, Base Stocks and Performance Tradeoffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
Lubricants, Tests and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
Lubricants and the Importance of Clean Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302
Chapter 10
OIL MIST LUBRICATION AND STORAGE PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
System Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306
“Purge Mist,” or “Wet Sump” Oil Mist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
Dry Sump Oil Mist is Advantageous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308
Modern Plant-Wide Systems Enhance Safety and Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . .310
Environmental Concerns Addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
Economics of Dry Sump Oil Mist Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312
Selecting the Correct Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313
Oil Mist for Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313
Electric Motor Codes and Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323
On the Safety of Explosion-Proof Motors for Class 1 Division 1 Service . . . . . .325
Long-term Storage of Pumps and Motors Using Oil Mist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326
Chapter 11
COUPLING SELECTION GUIDELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333
Coupling Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333
Rigid Couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334
Flexible Couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336
Couplings for Centrifugal Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
Chapter 12
PUMP CONDITION MONITORING GUIDELINES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
Vibration Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
Predictive Condition Monitoring and
Fault Tolerant Intelligent Drives/Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
Rotor Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
Vibration Acceptance Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
Causes of Excessive Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
Chapter 13
PUMP TYPES AND MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
Petroleum Refinery Service Pumps (API-610) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
API-610 Materials of Construction and Grade Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
Magnetic Drive and Positive Displacement Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
Chemical Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
viii
Key Selection Criteria for Chemical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
Canned Motor Pumps Make Important Inroads in Refinery Servces . . . . . . . .372
Paper Stock and Other Large Process Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374
Double Suction/Axially Split Case Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
Sewage and Waste Water Submersible Pumps (Solids and Non-clog) . . . . . . . .379
Slurry Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381
Vertical Column Turbine (“VTP”) Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383
Bowl Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
Vertical Enclosed Shaft-Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386
Recessed Impeller Sump Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386
Bearing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390
Column Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392
Critical Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392
Discharge Head Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394
Sump Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395
Split Flow Centrifugal Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395
Modern Pumps Have Stiffer Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397
Typical Pump Material Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398
Chapter 14
PUMP FAILURE ANALYSIS AND TROUBLESHOOTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Organizing Systematic Pump Failure Reduction Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Chapter 15
SHOP REPAIR, SPARE PARTS AVAILABILITY & PROCUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . .439
Shop Repair Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442
Moving from Repair-Focus to Reliability-Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454
Combining Pump Maintenance with Systematic Pump Upgrading . . . . . . . . .457
Chapter 16
FAILURE STATISTICS AND COMPONENT UPTIME IMPROVEMENT SUMMARY . .469
Pump MTBF as a Function of Component MTBF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469
Examining Pump Repair Records and MTBF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470
Gordon Buck’s Study of Pump Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470
Seal Mtbf Explored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472
MTBF Simulations and Seal MTBF Levels Currently Being Achieved . . . . . . . .473
Target Pump and Component Lifetimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475
How Competent Manufacturers Improve Component Reliability . . . . . . . . . .476
Couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476
Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477
Supplier/Customer Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479
Chapter 17
BREAKING THE CYCLE OF PUMP REPAIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
Examining the Cost of Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
Pumps Have a Defined Operating Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484
Getting into Mechanical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485
Deviations from Best Available Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486
More on Lubrication and Bearing Distress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488
Two Different DN-rules Explained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489
ix
The Trouble with Oil Rings and Constant Level Lubricators . . . . . . . . . . . .490
Bearing Housing Protector Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493
Ranking the Different Lube Application Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494
Demand Better Pumps and Pay for Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497

Appendix 1
PUMP START-UP AND SHUTDOWN PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499
Appendix 2
A “HUNDRED-PLUS POINTS” SUMMARY OF PUMP RELIABILITY
IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Appendix 3
SUPPLEMENTARY SPECIFICATION FOR API-CLASS PUMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508
Appendix 4
SPECIFICATION AND INSTALLATION OF PRE-GROUTED PUMP BASEPLATES . .518
Appendix 5
PROTECTION OF MECHANICAL SEALS IN NON-OPERATING PUMPS . . . . . . .524
Appendix 6
EXPLAINING THE INGRESS PROTECTION CODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539
x