Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Environmental Fate and Effects

598 Pages·2004·19.117 MB·English

by  Borton, Dennis L., Hall, Timothy, Fisher, Robert, Thomas, Jill (Eds.)

Pulp Paper
and
Mill Effluent Environmental
Fate Effects
and
EDITED BY
Dennis L. Borton, Ph.D.
National Council fir Air and Stream Improvement
New Bern, NC
Timothy J. Hall
National Council for Air and Stream Improvement
Anacortes, WA
Robert P. Fisher, Ph.D.
National Council for Air and Stream Improvement
Research Triangle Park, NC
Jill F. Thomas
National Council for Air and Stream Improvement
Anacortes, WA
DE St ech Publications, Inc.
Pulp&PaperMillEffluentEnvironmentalFate&Effects
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Preface

In 1991 the first in what was to become a series of international conferences on the
fate and effects of pulp and paper mill effluents was held in Saltsjöbaden, Sweden [1].
This conference represented an awakening of the scientific community to the
complexities of international concerns about the compatibility of effluent discharges from
pulp and paper mills with healthy aquatic communities. This awakening was not without
controversy, and led to the launch of numerous scientific endeavors and debates about
what appeared to be a marked difference in conclusions drawn in the Scandinavian
countries, where effects were widely reported, and from North America, where effects
had gone largely unreported. Much of what has been learned since regarding these initial
differences in perception about effluent effects has been the result of these conferences,
where an opportunity has been provided to better understand country to country
differences in mill processes and effluent treatment as well as in the methods that have
been used to assess effluent effects, both in the laboratory and in the field. The
international conferences that followed the 1991 conference in Saltsjöbaden, i.e., those
held in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1994 [2], Rotorua, New Zealand in 1997 [3],
Helsinki, Finland in 2000 [4], and most recently in Seattle, Washington in 2003, have
served the important purpose of providing a forum for reporting the results of recent
scientific investigations, as well as a venue for identifying immediate and likely future
information needs regarding potential effluent effects.
The theme of the Seattle conference, “From Saltsjöbaden to Seattle – 12 years of
science, process, and policy change; What have we learned from effluent effects
assessments and their validation at the population, community, and ecosystem level?”
was chosen to provide a bridge between the conditions explored at the earliest conference
and those reported today in light of the significant changes that have taken place with
respect to mill process and effluent treatment technologies, and the tools used for effluent
effects assessment. A special attempt was made at the Seattle conference to address the
ecological significance of any remaining subtle effluent effects, and also to begin to
understand the influence of discharges of well treated effluents from modern process
mills at the watershed level, in terms of nutrients or other non-pulp and paper mill-
specific parameters.
The conference included sessions focusing on fish health assessment; effluent effects
from a watershed multistressor perspective; effluent quality; advances in assessing
effluent effects; and regulatory issues and developments. One hundred ten individuals
from seven countries participated in the Seattle conference, where there were 60 poster
and platform presentations in the identified sessions. Each session was introduced by a
presentation from an invited speaker with an expertise in the subject area that provided an
overview of the history and current science of the topic. The sections in this book
correspond to sessions at the conference. Each begins with the overview paper from the
invited speaker. The papers presented in the sections reflect the information presented at
the conference, and each has been peer reviewed by two reviewers. The attached CD
contains the same papers but allows the advantage of being fully word searchable and
also allows for the display of any full color graphics contained in the original
manuscripts.

Timothy J. Hall
Anacortes, Washington
February 13, 2004

REFERENCES

1. Sodergren A, ed. 1991. Environmental fate and effects of bleached pulp mill effluents.
Report 4031. Proceedings, SEPA Conference, Saltsjöbaden, Sweden, November 19-
21.
2. Servos MR, Munkittrick KR, Carey JH, Van Der Kraak G, eds. 1996. Environmental
Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL,
USA.
3. Stuthridge TR, van den Heuvel MR, Marvin NA, Slade AH, Gifford J, eds. 2003.
Environmental Impacts of Pulp and Paper Waste Streams. SETAC, Pensacola, FL,
USA (CD).
4. Ruoppa M., Paasivirta J, Lehtinen K-J. Ruonala S, eds. 2000. Proceedings, 4th
International Conference on Environmental Impacts of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
Report 417, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland, June 12-14.
The editors (from left to right): Timothy J. Hall, Robert P, Fisher, Dennis L. Borton and
Jill F. Thomas

Timothy J. Hall is Aquatic Biology Program Manager for the National Council for Air
and Stream Improvement in Anacortes, Washington. His research is directed at the
conduct of long-term aquatic biology monitoring studies in representative U.S. pulp and
paper mill effluent receiving waters.

Robert P. Fisher, Ph.D, is a Vice President for the National Council for Air and Stream
Improvement with oversight responsibilities for Biological and Chemical Assessment
programs. His research has addressed the ability of process changes in pulp mills to
reduce or eliminate releases of substances of potential environmental concern.

Dennis L. Borton, Ph.D, is Aquatic Biology Program Manager for the National Council
for Air and Stream Improvement in New Bern, North Carolina. Dr. Borton’s current
research focuses on endocrine disruption and fish reproduction issues based on both
laboratory and field studies.

Jill F. Thomas is Senior Research Biologist for the National Council for Air and Stream
Improvement in Anacortes, Washington. Her research focuses on the application of
multivariate statistical analysis in interpreting aquatic community changes over
longitudinal stream gradients and watershed relative risk assessment.
Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Plenary xv
SECTION 1: FISH HEALTH ASSESSMENT
OverviewofFishHealthStudies—ProgressSince2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
MICHAELR.VANDENHEUVEL
PaperMillProcessModificationsReduceBiologicalEffectson
LargemouthBassandEasternGambusia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
JESSICAJ.NOGGLE,J.TRAVISSMITH,D.SHANERUESSLER,BRIANP.QUINN,
STEWARTE.HOLM,MARISOLS.SEPULVEDAandTIMOTHYS.GROSS
SourcesofVariabilityofMosquitofish(GambusiaHolbrooki)Anal
FinMorphologyCharacteristics:MeasurementsMethods,Geographic
Variability,andExposuretoPulpMillEffluents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
W.KENBRADLEY,DENNISL.BORTON,JESSICAJ.NOGGLEandTIMOTHYS. GROSS
WaterQualityBiomonitoringontheDoceRiverinBrazil,Neara
PulpMillEffluentDischarge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
ALEXANDREB.LANDIM,CARLOSP.RENAULT,GERMANADEP.C.RENAULT,
GIOVANNAF.AMORIM,VIVIANER.FARIAandDÉBORAO.LOPES
EpidemiologicalStudiesIndicateaCause-EffectRelationshipBetween
PulpMillEffluentExposureandMale-BiasedSexRatiosinFish . . . . . . . . . . . 48
LARSFÖRLIN,MARGARETHAADOLFSSON-ERICIandD.G.JOAKIMLARSSON
ReviewofReproductive-EndocrineEffectsofaNewZealandPulpand
PaperMillEffluent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
MICHAELR.VANDENHEUVEL,EMILBANDELJ,ROBERTDONALD,ROSANNEJ.ELLIS,
MURRAYA.SMITH,MEGANFINLEY,LYNDAMCCARTHYandTREVORR.STUTHRIDGE
LackofEstrogenicandEndocrineDisruptingEffectsinJuvenileRainbow
TroutExposedtoaNewZealandPulpandPaperMillEffluent. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
ROSANNEJ.ELLIS,MICHAELR.VANDENHEUVEL,TREVORR.STUTHRIDGE,
NICHOLAS LING and DANIEL R. DIETRICH
SurveyofPulpandPaperMillEffluentsforTheirPotentialtoAffect
FishReproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
PIERREMARTEL,TIBORKOVACSandRONVOSS
ChangesinGrowth,SexCharacteristicsandReproductionofFathead
MinnowsExposedforaLife-CycletoBleachedSulphiteMillEffluent . . . . . . . . 92
JOANNEL.PARROTTandCRAIGS.WOOD
EffectofExposureTimingonFatheadMinnow(PimephalesPromelas)Reproduction
DuringaLife-CycleBioassaywithBiologicallyTreated
BleachedKraftPulpMillEffluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
DENNISL.BORTON,WILLIAMR.STREBLOW,DIANAL.COOKandPETERVANVELD
AdultWhiteSuckerShowLimitedMobilityNearPointSource
DischargesinaLargeCanadianRiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
CHADA.DOHERTY,R.ALLENCURRYandKELLYR.MUNKITTRICK
SECTION 2: EFFLUENT EFFECTS FROM A WATERSHED
MULTISTRESSOR PERSPECTIVE
EvaluationsoftheFateandEffectsofPulpandPaperMillEffluents
fromaWatershedMultistressorPerspective:ProgresstoDate
andFutureOpportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
JOHNH.RODGERS,JR.andJILLF.THOMAS
NationalResponsePatternsofFishandInvertebratesExposedtoPulp
andPaperMillEffluents:MetabolicDisruptioninCombinationwith
EutrophicationandOtherEffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
RICHARDB.LOWELL,KELLYR.MUNKITTRICK,JOSEPHM.CULP,
MARKE.MCMASTERandLEEC.GRAPENTINE
EmployingSmallBodiedFishinaWeight-of-EvidenceApproachto
DiscriminateEffectsfromMultipleDischarges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
CHRISG.FRAIKIN,BARRYK.FIRTH,ZSOLTE.KOVATS,CHRISP.BJORNSON,
TANISL.DIRKS,RICHARDD.ROBINSON,GUYM.WILSON,PATI.TONES
andSTELLAM.SWANSON
IdentifyingaSuitableFishSpeciesforMonitoringMultipleEffluents
intheUpperSaintJohnRiver,Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
BRENDANJ.GALLOWAY,KELLYR.MUNKITTRICK,R.ALLENCURRY,
CRAIGWOODandSUSANDUNN
StatusofaLong-TermIndustryFundedIn-StreamMonitoringStudy
toAssessPotentialEffluentEffectsinFourU.S.ReceivingWaters. . . . . . . . . . 182
TIMOTHYJ.HALL,JILLF.THOMAS,ROBERTP.FISHERandDENNISL.BORTON
PatternAnalysisofFishCommunitiesUpstream/DownstreamofPulp
andPaperMillDischargesonFourU.S.ReceivingWaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
JILLF.THOMASandTIMOTHYJ.HALL
CharacterizationofaBleachedKraftMillEffluentDischargingto
CodorusCreek,Pennsylvania,asPartofaLong-TermMonitoringStudy—
Chemical,Biological,andMesocosmMeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
TIMOTHYJ.HALL,WILLIAMJ.ARTHURS,DENNISL.BORTON,CATHYERICKSON,
JOANIKOMAandWILLIAMR.STREBLOW
Spatial-TemporalRelationshipsBetweenRiverBiota,Chemistryand
MillEffluentonCodorusCreek,Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
JILLF.THOMASandTIMOTHYJ.HALL
EcologicalRiskAssessmentastheFrameworkforthePrediction,
ConfirmationandManagementoftheCodorusCreekWatershed. . . . . . . . . . . 232
WAYNEG.LANDIS,LEOR.BODENSTEINER,ANGIEM.OBERYandJILLF.THOMAS
EvaluationofLandAppliedPulpMillBiosolids:MonitoringtheFate
of Sludge Constituents in Forest Ecosystems and Assessing Impact
UsingEcologicallyRelevantOrganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
LYNDAH.M CCARTHY, I. VADIM BOSTAN, STEVEN N. LISS, ASHLEY SPEARIN,
EMILBANDELJandKATHRINAYAMBAO
IntegratedMonitoringataBrazilianPulpMilltoAssessEffluent
EffectsonReceivingWaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
TATIANAH.FURLEYandALBERTOCARVALHODEOLIVEIRAFILHO
SECTION 3: EFFLUENT QUALITY
RelationshipoftheTechnicalDevelopmentofPulpingandBleaching
toEffluentQualityandAquaticToxicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
KARL-JOHANLEHTINEN
RegulatoryToxicityComplianceinRelationtoWaterUsage:2000Survey
ofCanadianMills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
TIBORKOVACS,SHARONGIBBONS,VALERIENAISHandRONVOSS
ToxicityInvestigationsAssociatedwithDaphniaMagnaandPimephales
PromelasExposedtoSpentPulpingLiquorfromanElemental
ChlorineFreeKraftMill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
CRAIGR.KELLY,THOMASL.HARGREAVES,ROBERTGOLDEN,
STEWARTE.HOLM,THOMASL.DEARDORFFandJOHNL.FESTA
TheRelationshipBetweenMillProcessesandBiologicalResponses. . . . . . . . . 310
CARROLLL.MISSIMER
LigninastheCauseofAcuteToxicityinPulpandPaperMillEffluents?. . . . . . . 319
PIIAPESSALA,EIJASCHULTZ,SAMILUUKKAINEN,SIRPAHERVE,
JUHAKNUUTINENandJAAKKOPAASIVIRTA
AReviewofPulpandPaperIndustryToxicityReductionandToxicityIdentification
EvaluationApproachesintheU.S.AndCanada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
DIANAL.COOK,TIMOTHYJ.HALL,JUDYDUDLEYandDENNISL.BORTON
ComparisonofAnalFinMorphologyandTestosteroneLevelsin
FemaleGambusiaAmongThreeFloridaPulpandPaperMills . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
JESSICAJ.NOGGLE,W.KENNETH RADLEY,DENNISL.BORTON,
J.TRAVISSMITHandTIMOTHYS.GROSS
AnalysisofSelectedResinAcidsandPhytosterolsinRelationto
ProcessChangesatGeorgia-Pacific’sPalatkaMill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
BRIANP.QUINN,MATTHEWM.BOOTH,JOSEPHJ.DELFINO,STEWARTE.HOLM
andTIMOTHYS.GROSS
ComparisonofSomeStudiesAssessingtheAndrogenicPotentialof
CompoundsinPulpMillandMunicipalEffluentsUsingthe
MosquitofishGambusiaAffinis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
LYNDAH.MCCARTHY,I.VADIMBOSTAN,WILSONCHOI,ROSANNEJ.ELLIS,
KARENHARDYandSTEVENN.LISS
MethodDevelopmentfortheIdentificationofHormonallyActive
ComponentsinBleachedKraftChemicalRecoveryCondensates. . . . . . . . . . . 374
ANDREWBELKNAP,KEVINSHAUGHNESSY,DEBORAHMACLATCHY,
KEITHSOLOMONandMARKHEWITT
PhenolicsAssociatedwithAdverseBioassayResponsesataTall
OilRefinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
DIANAL.COOK,JAMALY.SHAMAS,MELR.HOCKENBURY,JOHNC.BAUMMER,
WAYNEL.MCCULLOCHandJOHNA.BOTTS
SECTION 4: ADVANCES IN ASSESSING EFFLUENT EFFECTS
AdvancesinAssessingtheEffectsofPulpandPaperMillEffluents
onAquaticSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
MONIQUEG.DUBÉ
DevelopmentofaFishBioassaytoTestforHormonallyActive
ContaminantsinPulpMillEffluents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
DEBORAHL.MACLATCHY,MONIQUEG.DUBÉ,MARKHEWITT,
SIMONC.COURTENAY,RAINIEL.SHARPEandGLENJ.VANDERKRAAK
DevelopmentofanAccumulationModeltoInvestigateActiveSubstancesBioavailable
toFishExposedtoTreatedPulpMillEffluents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
MARKHEWITT,ANDREAPRYCE,JOANNEL.PARROTT,MARKE.MCMASTER,
RICKSCHRYER,BARRYK.FIRTH,ANDREWBELKNAP,KELLYR.MUNKITTRICK
andGLENJ.VANDERKRAAK
HazardIdentificationofPulpMillSolidWastetoAquaticSpecies . . . . . . . . . . 429
STEPHANIEA.HAWKINS,CAROLYND.HEDLEY,HEATHERM.ORR,
MIKEVANDENHEUVELandPETERV.HODSON
UsinganIntegratedRiskAssessmentStrategytoCharacterizeExposure
andEffectsintheFieldwithCagedBivalves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
MICHAELH.SALAZARandSANDRAM.SALAZAR
AnEvaluationofthePotentialEffectsofPaperMillEffluentson
FreshwaterMusselsinRiceCreek,Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
NICOLAJ.KERNAGHAN,D.SHANERUESSLER,STEWARTE.HOLM
andTIMOTHYS.GROSS
CumulativeEffectsInvestigationofPulpMillandSewageEffluent
ImpactsonBenthicFoodWebs:AMesocosmExample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
JOSEPHM.CULP,NANCYE.GLOZIER,KEVINJ.CASH,MONIQUEG.DUBÉ,
DEBORAHL.MACLATCHY,BOBBRUA,BARRYK.FIRTHandGUYM.WILSON
UsingMesocosmstoExploretheRelationshipBetweenAlgalAccrual
ResponsesandNutrientExposure(NitrogenandPhosphorus)onthe
WapitiRiver,AB,Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
KEVINJ.CASH,JOSEPHM.CULP,NANCYE.GLOZIER,BOBBRUA,
BARRYK.FIRTHandGUYM.WILSON
UsingMesocosmstoExploreConfoundingFactorsInfluencing
LongnoseDace(Rhinichthyscataractae)ResponsestoKraft
MillEffluentontheWapitiRiver,AB,Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
MONIQUEG.DUBÉ,DEBORAHL.MACLATCHY,BARRYK.FIRTH,
JOSEPHM.CULP,NANCYE.GLOZIERandKEVINJ.CASH
AreDevelopmentalAbnormalitiesaUsefulEndpointfortheWild
FishSurveyElementoftheCanadianEEMProgramforPulp
andPaperMills? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
MONICABOUDREAU,SIMONCOURTENAY,LOUVANGUELPEN,
DEBORAH L. MACLATCHY, DAVID ROBERTSON, MATTHEW FREEBORN,
CÉLINEBÉRUBÉandGLENVANDERKRAAK
PulpandPaperEffluentHypoxiaInteractionsinFish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
MICHAELJ.LANDMAN,MICHAELR.VANDENHEUVELandNICHOLASLING
SECTION 5: REGULATORY ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTS
HistoricalPulpMillEffluentandWaterQualityConcernsandRecent
EuropeanRegulatoryDevelopments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
ISAIAHGELLMAN
BrazilianEnvironmentalRegulationsforBleachedKraftPulpMills . . . . . . . . . 528
ATIANAH.FURLEY
OverviewofImprovementsinEffluentQualityasaResultofChanges
totheFederalandProvincialPulpandPaperMillEffluent
ControlRegimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
DAVIDHALLIBURTONandLINDAMADDISON
AReviewoftheEnvironmentalEffectsofPulpandPaperMill
EffluentsinCanadaFollowingRegulatoryChangesMadein1992 . . . . . . . . . . 543
MARKE.MCMASTER,JOANNEL.PARROTTandMARKHEWITT
BringingSciencetoBearontheWaterQualityRegulatoryProcess. . . . . . . . . . 554
WILLIAMGILLESPIEandJERRYSCHWARTZ
EstimationofEffluentFlowContributioninU.S.MillReceivingWaters. . . . . . . 564
JOHNBEEBE,JIMPALUMBOandLAURELEPPSTEIN
SubjectIndex 575
AuthorIndex 577