Pulmonary Surfactant-Biochemical, Functional, Regulatory, and Clinical Concepts PDF
Preview Pulmonary Surfactant-Biochemical, Functional, Regulatory, and Clinical Concepts
Pulmonary Surfactant: Biochemical, Functional, Regulatory, and Clinical Concepts Editor Jacques R. Bourbon, Ph.D. Research Director Center for Cellular Biology National Center for Scientific Research lvry-sur-Seine, France v ~ CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 1991 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an lnfonna business No claim to original U.S. Government works lSBN-13 978-0-8493-6924-7 (hbk) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Library of Congress Card Number 90-15117 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pulmonary surfactant: biochemical, functional, regulatory, and clinical concepts/editor, Jacques R. Bourbon. p. em. Includes bibliographical references. Includes index. ISBN 0-8493-6924-X I. Pulmonary surfactant. I. Bourbon, Jacques R. [DNLM: I. Pulmonary Surfactants-physiology. 2. Pulmonary Surfactants-therapeutic use. 3. Respiratory Distress Syndrome -physiopathology. WF 600 P98695] QP752.P84P853 1991 612. 2----dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 90-15117 CIP PREFACE Knowledge about pulmonary surfactant has been growing at a particularly rapid pace during the last 10 years. Research in the field involves scientists who are specialized in a number of areas, such as biophysicists, biochemists, cell biologists, molecular biologists, developmental biologists, endocrinologists, pulmonologists, neonatologists, etc. It has there fore become very difficult for one individual to embrace all of the various aspects of this topic. It is perhaps even more difficult for the practitioner concerned with the problem of neonatal respiratory distress to integrate the recently gained data and to draw practical consequences for medical applications. The aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive update which will cover most of the aspects of pulmonary surfactant. If this objective is reached, it will be because eminent specialists kindly agreed to participate in this endeavor. The basic researcher will find here syntheses on the different approaches of the subject and a bibliography to allow further investigation into specific topics. The clinician will find the bases which support current therapy and clinical research, and chapters dealing with diagnosis of neonatal respiratory disorders and with recent developments in surfactant-replacement therapy will be of special interest in this area. A number of questions still remain unanswered and several aspects continue to be debated among specialists. As a consequence, in addition to firmly established concepts, the reader will also find critical analyses, open questions, and hypotheses which on the one hand indicate ways for future investigation and on the other help keep one circumspect with regard to present theoretical interpretations. Certainly, new discoveries will soon appear which will shed light on these problems and renew or complete our perception of natural surfactants. Although a monograph is only a step in the search for knowledge of a topic, I am convinced that this book is worthwhile and useful. Jacques R. Bourbon Ivry-sur-Seine, France THE EDITOR Jacques Bourbon, Ph.D., is Research Director at the Center for Cellular Biology of the Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.) at lvry-sur-Seine, France. Dr. Bourbon obtained his Maitrise (B. Sc. degree) in Physiology at the Faculty of Sciences of Paris, France, in 1969 and a Doctorates Sciences (doctoral degree) in Natural Sciences at the University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, in 1980. He has worked under the direction of Professor Alfred Jost at the Comparative Physiology Laboratory, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, and at the Developmental Physiology Laboratory, College de France, Paris. Dr. Bourbon is a member of the European Tissue Culture Association and the European Respiratory Society. He has been the recipient of research grants from the Institut National de la Sante et de Ia Recherche Medicale (I.N.S.E.R.M.). He has been Research Associate, Department of Pediatrics, at the University of Wisconsin at Madison and Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, at the University of Texas at Dallas, for which he also received a grant from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Dr. Bourbon has published 40 scientific papers, is coauthor of 3 books, and has been invited to give lectures and seminars at universities and other scientific institutions from Europe and the U.S. His current research interests are in differentiation and functional maturation of lung cells in keeping with problems linked to neonatal pulmonary immaturity. CONTRIBUTORS Jacques R. Bourbon, Ph.D., D.Sc. Lea Marin, D.Sc. Centre de Biologie Cellulaire Centre de Biologie Cellulaire Centre National de Ia Recherche Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique Scientifique lvry-sur-Seine, France lvry-sur-Seine, France Michele Couchard, M.D. Martin Post, Ph.D. Port-Royal Hospital Research Institute lnstitut National de Ia Sante et de Ia The Hospital for Sick Children Recherche Medicate and Department of Paediatrics Paris, France University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Michel Dehan, M.D. Department of Neonatology Jean-Pierre Relier, M.D., P.C.R. Hopital Antoine Beclere Department of Neonatal Medicine Clamart, France Port-Royal Hospital Paris, France Benoit Denizot, M.D., Ph.D. Physicochimie des Surfaces Faculte de Pharmacie Barry T. Smith, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C) Centre National de Ia Recherche Department of Paediatrics Scientifique Mt. Sinai Hospital, Hospital for Chatenay-Malabry, France Sick Children, and University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jeanne Francoual, Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry Jeanne M. Snyder, Ph.D. Hopital Antoine Beclere Department of Anatomy Clamart, France College of Medicine University of Iowa Caroline Fraslon, B.Sc., D.E.A. Iowa City, Iowa Centre de Biologie Cellulaire Centre National de Ia Recherche Herve Walti, M.D. Scientifique Department of Neonatal Medicine Ivry-sur-Seine, France Port-Royal Hospital Paris, France Claude Gaultier, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Physiology Timothy E. Weaver, Ph.D. Hopital A. Beclere Department of Pediatrics Clamart, France Children's Hospital and College of Medicine Brian A. Hills, Ph.D., D.Sc., Sc.D. University of Cincinnati Department of Physiology Cincinnati, Ohio University of New England Armidale, New South Wales, Australia Jeffrey A. Whitsett, M.D. Department of Pediatrics Marie Claire lmbert, M.D. Children's Hospital Department of Anatomy/Pathology and College of Medicine Hopital Antoine Beclere University of Cincinnati Clamart, France Cincinnati, Ohio ACKNOWLEDGMENT I wish to express my gratitude to the co-authors who participated in the realization of this work, as well as to a number of dear colleagues who have encouraged me in the course of this endeavor, particularly to Professor Philip M. Farrell, to Dr. Alec D. Bangham, and to the memory of Professor Michel Rieutort and Professor Daniel Sandoz, who are now deceased due to dramatic circumstances. I am also grateful to Patricia Gaudoin and Isabelle Angelchic for their invaluable help in preparing the manuscript. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Pulmonary Surfactant - An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Jacques R. Bourbon Chapter 2 The Type II Pneumocyte ................................................................ 15 Lea Marin Chapter 3 Nature, Function, and Biosynthesis of Surfactant Lipids ................................ 37 Jacques R. Bourbon Chapter 4 Structure, Function, and Regulation of Pulmonary Surfactant Proteins .................. 77 Jeffrey A. Whitsett and Timothy E. Weaver Chapter 5 The Biology of the Surfactant-Associated Proteins ..................................... 105 Jeanne M. Snyder Chapter 6 Comparative Aspects of Pulmonary Surfactant ......................................... 127 Jacques R. Bourbon Chapter 7 Secretion, Alveolar Processing, and Turnover of Pulmonary Surfactant ................ 143 Jacques R. Bourbon Chapter 8 Physiological Mechanisms for the Action of Pulmonary Surfactant .................... 185 Brian A. Hills Chapter 9 Role of Surfactant in Other Organs ..................................................... 225 Brian A. Hills Chapter 10 Developmental Aspects of the Alveolar Epithelium and the Pulmonary Surfactant System ...................................................................... 257 Jacques R. Bourbon and Caroline Fraslon Chapter 11 Fibroblast Pneumonocyte Factor ........................................................ 325 Barry T. Smith and Martin Post Chapter 12 Etiology of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome and the Assessment of Lung Maturity ....................................................................... 333 Michel Dehan, Jeanne Francoual, Marie Claire lmbert, and Benoit Denizot Chapter 13 Functional Exploration of the Lung in Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Use of Animal Models for the Study of Respiratory Distress ............... 359 Claude Gaultier Chapter 14 Exogenous Surfactant in the Management of Hyaline Membrane Disease .............. 385 Herve Walti, Michele Couchard, and Jean-Pierre Relier Index ................................................................................... 431 1 Chapter 1 PULMONARY SURFACTANT- AN OVERVIEW Jacques R. Bourbon TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction: The Need for a Synthesis ........................................... 2 II. Historical Perspective ............................................................. 2 III. Physiological Roles of Pulmonary Surfactant ..................................... 5 A. Surfactant and Pulmonary Mechanics ..................................... 5 B. Role in Alveolar Fluid Homeostasis ....................................... 6 C. Role in Lung Permeability ................................................ 6 D. Role in Defense Mechanisms .............................................. 6 1. Physical-Chemical Protective Effects .............................. 6 2. Relationships with Immunomechanisms ............................ 7 a. Proper Antibacterial Activity ............................... 7 b. Interaction with Alveolar Macrophages ..................... 7 c. Interaction with Lymphocytes .............................. 8 IV. Current Trends .................................................................... 8 References ............................................................................... 10
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