Public Private Partnership for Desertification Control in Inner Mongolia

242 Pages·2020·3.069 MB·English

by  Zhongju Meng, Xiaohong Dang, Yong Gao

Zhongju Meng · Xiaohong Dang 
Yong Gao
Public Private
Partnership for
Desertifi cation
Control in Inner
Mongolia
Public Private Partnership for Desertification
Control in Inner Mongolia
Zhongju Meng • Xiaohong Dang • Yong Gao
Public Private Partnership
for Desertification Control
in Inner Mongolia
Zhongju Meng Xiaohong Dang
Desert Control Science and Engineering Desert Control Science and Engineering
Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Inner Mongolia Agricultural University
Hohhot, Nei Mongol, China Hohhot, Nei Mongol, China
Yong Gao
Desert Control Science and Engineering
Inner Mongolia Agricultural University
Hohhot, Nei Mongol, China
ISBN 978-981-13-7498-2 ISBN 978-981-13-7499-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7499-9
© Science Press & Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
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Foreword
The achievements are funded by the Science and Technology Major projects of
Inner Mongolia (2018058); National Natural Science Foundation of China
(51769019).
Judging from the actual situation in our country, preventing land degradation and
innovating land management activities to promote sustainable development belong
to the category of public works. Public-private partnerships have broad application
and development prospects in this field. Inner Mongolia is one of the most degraded
provinces in China. After unremitting efforts, China has made some achievements.
With the deepening of public participation and ecological construction, private
enterprises’ investment in land degradation management has made up for the short-
age of government investment. Public-private partnerships to combat land degrada-
tion were first developed in the region. It has produced ecological, social, and
economic benefits. In order to better promote the development of ecological con-
struction and strengthen the control of land degradation, this subject has systemati-
cally studied the public-private partnership to prevent and control land degradation
in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region through field research and case analysis.
The purpose of this study is to explore public-private partnerships that can help
prevent land degradation and expand investments in sustainable land management.
Professor, Department of Desert Control Science Zhongju Meng
and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,
Hohhot, China, Email: [email protected]
Associate professor, Department of Desert Control Xiaohong Dang
Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural
University, Hohhot, China,
Email: [email protected]
Professor, Department of Desert Control Science Yong Gao
and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,
Hohhot, China, Email: [email protected]
v
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Research Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 International Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Domestic Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Summary of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 “PPP” Mode Connotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Characteristics and Functions of Public-Private
Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.3 Services of Public-Private Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2.4 Introduction and Implementation of Public-Private
Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.5 The Importance of Public-Private Partnerships
and the Necessity of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2.6 Implementation Problems Faced by PPP Mode . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.7 Suggestions on Perfecting the Financing Mode
of Public-Private Partnership in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.2.8 Theoretical Research on Public-Private Partnership
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.2.9 Analysis of Factors Affecting the Performance
of Nine Public- Private Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.2.10 Research on Key Factors of Successful Public-Private
Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1.2.11 The Important Role of the Government
in the PPP Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.2.12 The PPP Model Establishes the Necessary Incentive
Mechanism in the Concession Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1.2.13 Research Status and Practice of PPP Model Abroad . . . . . . 71
1.2.14 Research Status and Practice of PPP Mode in China . . . . . 77
1.2.15 Problems Exposed in Public-Private Partnership
Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
vii
viii Contents
1.2.16 Analysis on the Causes of Practical Problems
of Public- Private Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
1.2.17 Establishing a Legal Framework to Promote
the Healthy Development of Public-Private
Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
1.2.18 Research Review and Enlightenment of PPP
Model’s Development Path in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
1.2.19 The Concept of Joint Participation of All Actors
in PPP Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
1.2.20 SuDiscussion on the Application of Public-Private
Cooperation Mode in Ecological Project Financing . . . . . . 91
2 Research Contents and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.1 Research Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.1.1 Theory of PPP Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.1.2 The Current Situation and Evaluation
of Public-Private Partnerships in the Whole Region . . . . . . 97
2.1.3 Research on Typical Pilot Public-Private Partnerships . . . . 98
2.1.4 Methods of Establishing Public-Private Partnerships . . . . . 98
2.2 Research Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.3 T echnology Roadmap (Fig. 2.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3 L and Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.1 Nature and Degree of Land Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.1.1 Definition of Land Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.1.2 Types of Land Degradation in the Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.1.3 Historical Trends and Past Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.1.4 Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.1.5 Land Degradation Types and Relative Importance
of Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.1.6 Sensitive Areas for Land Degradation
and Distribution in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.1.7 Distribution and Characteristics of Potential
Geological Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.2 R easons of Land Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.2.1 Natural Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.2.2 Direct Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.2.3 Underlying Reasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.3 Consequences of Land Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.3.1 Environmental Impacts in the Past and Present . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.3.2 Economic Losses in the Past and Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.3.3 Impacts of Social Welfare in the Past and Present . . . . . . . . 119
3.3.4 Importance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.3.5 Impacts of Land Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.4 Forecast of Land Degradation Trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Contents ix
3.4.1 Characteristics and Extent of Land Degradation . . . . . . . . . 124
3.4.2 Forecast of the Impact of Land Degradation
on Economic Losses and Social Welfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4 Efforts to Control Land Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.1 Development Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.1.1 Provisions of the State and the Autonomous
Region on the Prevention and Control of Land
Degradation in the Ninth Five-Year Plan
and the Tenth Five-Year Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.1.2 Provisions on Combating Land Degradation
in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of the State
and the Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.1.3 Development Plans at the National and Autonomous
Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.1.4 Consistency Between Inner Mongolia Autonomous
Region and National Land Degradation Control Plan . . . . . 137
4.1.5 Western Development Strategy and Land
Degradation Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.2 Investment in Land Degradation Prevention and Poverty
Alleviation Since 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.2.1 Input from Central Ministries of Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.2.2 Input from Governments in Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.2.3 Input from Local Governments in Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.2.4 Input from Donor Organizations in Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.2.5 Investment from Private Enterprises
and Non- governmental Organizations
in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.3 Lessons Learned from Land Degradation Control Projects . . . . . . . 148
4.3.1 Scope, Activities, and Outputs of Past
and Existing Integrated Ecosystem Management
and Land Degradation Control Projects
in the Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.3.2 Successes and Lessons Learned from Past
and Existing Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.3.3 Costs and Benefits of Past and Existing Projects . . . . . . . . . 153
4.3.4 Methods and Technologies for Land Degradation
Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5 Land Degradation and Its Prevention in Inner Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.1 General Situation of Land Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.2 T he Situation of Land Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
x Contents
5.3 Land Degradation Prevention and Control Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.3.1 Central Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.3.2 Autonomous Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.3.3 Local Government Departments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.3.4 Donor Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.3.5 Private Enterprises and Non-governmental
Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6 Land Degradation Action Plan in Inner Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6.1 Priority Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6.1.1 Priority Area for Land Degradation Control
Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6.1.2 Priority Ranking of Actions in Counties and Cities . . . . . . . 173
6.1.3 Biodiversity Hotspots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
6.2 Priority Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.2.1 Priority Activities to Improve the Legislative
Environment of the Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.2.2 Key Activities to Improve the Autonomous Region’s
Development Policy Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.2.3 Priority Activities for Capacity Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.2.4 Screening and Promotion of Best Practices Priority
Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.2.5 Priority Activities for Poverty Alleviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.2.6 Priority Should Be Given to Activities to Protect
and Improve Biodiversity in the Autonomous
Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
6.2.7 Priority Activities for Disaster Reduction
and Prevention Priority Activities Required
for Reducing Geological Disasters
(Natural Disasters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.2.8 Striving for Investment Priority Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
7 Application of PPP Model in the Prevention and Control
of Land Degradation in Our Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.1 Laws and Regulations on the Prevention and Control
of Land Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.1.1 National Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.1.2 Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.2 The Autonomous Region Level Relevant Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.2.1 The Legal System for the Prevention
and Control of Desertification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.2.2 Property Right System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.3 E nterprise Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
7.3.1 Land Degradation Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
7.3.2 Public-Private Partnership-Driven Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . 206
7.3.3 Relationship Status of Public-Private Partnership . . . . . . . . 209
Contents xi
7.3.4 Reasons for Enterprises to Participate
in Land Degradation Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8 Public-Private Partnership Practice Case Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
8.1 The Case of Yili Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
8.1.1 Desert Tourism Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
8.1.2 Ecological Migration Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
8.1.3 New Oriental School Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
8.1.4 Yili Infrastructure Construction Project
of the Yellow River Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
8.2 Comparison of Project Financing Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
8.2.1 Project Organization Operation Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
8.3 The Key Factors of Yili Group PPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
9 Conclusions and Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
9.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
9.2 Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237