I ' 1 I I, Studies in Psychosornatic Medicine PSYCHOSEXUAL FUNCTIONS IN WOMEN J Volumes in the STUDIES IN PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE of THE INSTITUTE FOR PSYCHOANALYSIS Chicago, Illinois AN APPROACH TO THE CAUSE AND TREATMENT OF V.EGETATIVJ~ DISTURBANCES--Franz Alexander, M.D., Thomas Morton French, M.O., el al. 1948 PSYCHOSEXUAL FUNCTIONS IN WOMEN-Therese Benedek, M.D. 1952 I, \ f I 1 PSYCHO:i~~~~~ :EDICINE r i , P sychosexual l Functions in Women i By THERESE BENEDEK, M.D. ' THE INSTITUTE FOR PSYCHOANALYSIS, CHICAGO I ~ . I I THE RONALD PRESS COMPANY ., NEW YORK Copyright, 1952, by Tm: RoNALt> Par.ss Co:.trASY All Rigltts I<cscrvcd The text of tbis pub\icntion or 1u~>· J•M~ thereof mav not be reproduced m 1np manner wh11tsoever witbuul ~ermission Ill writing from tl1c pu\i\isber. ,.---- ·--- --- ~ reauEdnl.0 s·J. '"":cs"'- 1\0 HARE Tl.:'1 ·l\N~ CQL' . • · d .•..... . . . . JS.~.:>..:ff.:i- 61 b No... . ............ . Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: S2-6200 PIUltTl!D IN TIIE UNITED STAl't:S OP AMERICA FOREWORD Psyc/,osexual F1111ctio11s i11 fVomt·n constitutes the second volume of the psychosomatic studies presented in this form by The Institute fur Psychoanalysis. Chicago. The first was published in 1948 under the title of Studies i11 Psychosomatic JI cdici11c-A n A pproac/1 lo flit• Cause a11d Trealm£'11f of V cgetatfr.•e Dist11rba11ces. The present volume is a collection of the studies in female sexuality made by Therese Benedek over the last fifteen years. A Doctor of l\iJedicine since 1916, Dr. Benedek began her career as a resident in pediatrics in a hospital for infants in Budapest. Al though she left that specialty for psychiatry and psychoanalysis, her interest remained in the "psychosomatic approach," especially in the endocrinological aspects of the interaction of body and mind. The Institute for Psychoanalysis, Chicago, gave Dr. Benedek an opportunity for this specialization within the general field of psychosomatic research. Soon after she joined the staff she began work on an extensive project in collaboration with the endocrinolo gist, Dr. Boris B. Rubenstein. The result .of this investigation was published as a monograph by the National:Research Council in 1942. It is presented in this volume as Chapters 1-11. Although this is a truly psychosomatic study in which psychoanalytic interpretation is consistently correlated to physiolo_gical material, it has a special aspect. Drs. Benedek and Rubenstein studied normal physiological processes rather than pathological conditions. Their subjects were women who were in psychoanalytic treatment for a variety of reasons and who were being analyzed by several psychoanalysts connected with the Institute. In her analysis of the case records, Dr. Benedek was able to de termine from the psychological material the current phase of the sexual cycle. It was a methodological achievement of the first rank to discover that interpretation of psychoanalytic material could be correlated, with a high percentage of exactness, with an estimation of the ovarian hormone production (based on evaluation of vaginal smears and basal body temperature). This demonstrated psycho analysis as a tool of biological research. This study established the influence of the two ovarian hormones upon the emotional orientation of women : of estrogen in the pre ovulative phase and of progesterone during the postovulative phase of the cycle. In contrast to other psychosomatic studies which demon- 111 iv FOREWORD strate that emotions may motivate specific physiologic responses, this study shows the specific psychic responses to physiological stimuli. As is well known, the behavior of women is also determined to a great degree by cultural influences which modify not only the emotional reactions to the hormones, but un<ler certain conditions, the ovarian function itself. The later studies republished in this volume draw freely upon the theoretical conclusions made from the detailed study of the hormonal and emotional rhythm of the sexual cycle. They demonstrate the subtle interaction between the psychodynamic forces and the cultural factors which together motivate human behavior. This volume holds more than usual interest for the medical pro fession. Psychiatrists, gynecologists, and general practitioners may gain from it a greater insight into the problems of their patients. Anthropologists and other social scientists will find basic information about women which is of value in their own fields of study. ~1Iany laymen will be interested in this scientific effort to unravel some of the complexities of women's behavior. FRANZ ALE.XANDER r PREFACE This volume is a collection of studies in female sexuality based on psychoanalytic investigation and carried out in conjunction with physiologic obserrntion. \V ritten from the point of view of a par ticular investigation, this work does not purport to be a compre hensive presentation of the psychology of women. The methodology as well as the conclusions, however, offer evidence, beyond that of the usual psychoanalytic case studies, of the validity of the basic con cepts of psychoanalysis. According to these concepts, the maturation of the propagative function is the axis around which the psychosexual per~onality develops. Although psychoanalytic theory is in general well documented, it has an obstacle to overcome in regard to the psychology of women. This obstacle originates in Freud's concept that anatomical sex dif ference represents to the woman a biological inadequacy in com pnriROll ln men; that wnnutn'!il p:;ychology therefore centers nronnrl a sense of inferiority, that her wish for childbearing and motherliness is but an effort towards substitution £or physiologic lack. During lhe Inst three ctecncks many psychoanalysts have attacked this con cept. Karen Horney was the first to point out that this is not a biological concept but is based on observations which can be e.."tplained by cultural influences. vVhiJe this concept has not been discarded, psychoanalysis has made great strides in understanding the function of the mother in the psychose..··mal development of her children. Freud himself initiated investigation in this field when he pointed out the significance of the early relation between mother and daughter and emphasized the influence of this long period of emotional inter dependence on the psychose..xual maturation of the girl. Although many studies yielded information regarding the psycho sexual development of woman, the psychology of motherhood and motherliness, except for the extensive study of Helene Deutsch, has been little investigated. Since there were no psychosomatic investiga tions to support the emotional dynamics related to the two phases of the propagative function of woman ( the heterosexual relation and childbearing), the psychoanalytic theory of female sexuality seemed almost unfathomable. Our. investigation was no~ begun w!th the goal of clarifying basic theoretical concepts. Our aim was simply to find out whether physiological function, such as ovulation, which in animals determine: V PREFACE vi their "social behavior," could be recognized in the emotion~ and hc havior of women in our culture. This question was an:-werccl in the affirmative. Further investigation of the sexual cycle n·,·eah:d that woman's sexual hehavior. on superficial examination, only seems to be independent of the propagative, biologic meaning of sexuality: on closer scrutiny, we find that the difference hetween other mam mals and the human female is that the woman's behavior is the result of a complex, delicate interaction between personality and physiol1 ,~ic regulation. After ten more years of psychoanalytic stucly of probkms of motherhood and motherliness. it can he stated that the assumption of a biological substratum for the emotional manifc stations of hoth phases of the propagative function has significant heuristic value. It opens new avenues for im·estigation and it explains many nf the concepts derived from psychoanalytic observations. Jt is almnst :-ur prising how "natural" many of the earlier psydrnanalytir cmtrept: hecome when investigated in the light of hormonal regulation. A comprehensive psychology of women, however, can he written only with a detailed consideration of the psychology of men. l n thi: w1lume the psychohiologic interaction hctwccn the sexes can only he inferred from the material on the woman. \Vith these papers. which deal with special aspects of the psychology of women, we !tan· also included a chapter (Chapter 14), which is a compendium of the psychosexual physiology and patholo1=,ry of both sexes. This chapter. however, is to be regarded as only a bird's-eye-view comparison of the psychosexual prohlems oi men and women. I wish to express my gratitude to my patients, not only to those whose cooperation made these investigations possible but also to all those whose need helped train my understanding. I acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. Boris B. Rubenstein, co-author of the mono graph, whose interest remained active in the later studies although he did ~ot participate in them. I owe thanks to all my colleagues at The Institute for Psychoanalysis, especially to Dr. Franz Alexander, at whose request one of the papers was written, and to Helen Ross. whose helpful interest has been a steady source of inspiration. I am also gra!efut to Roberta Collard for her editorial help and for the preparation of the index to this volume. Fo~ permission to reprint these articles I extend my thanks to the foll~wmg publications and publishers : the American Psychosomatic Societr, Inc., the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, The Psycho aNnalytytc Qkuarterly, and W. W. Norton & Company Inc all of ew or. ' ., THERESE BENEDEK Chicago, March, 1952