Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues PDF
Preview Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues
Psychological Testing PRINCIPLES, APPLICATIONS, & ISSUES Eighth Edition ROBERT M. KAPLAN DENNIS P. SACCUZZO University of California, Los Angeles San Diego State University Australia(cid:129)Brazil(cid:129)Japan(cid:129)Korea(cid:129)Mexico(cid:129)Singapore(cid:129)Spain(cid:129)UnitedKingdom(cid:129)UnitedStates Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. PsychologicalTesting:Principles, ©2013,2010Wadsworth,CengageLearning Applications,andIssues,EighthEdition ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyright RobertM.KaplanandDennisP.Saccuzzo hereinmaybereproduced,transmitted,storedorusedinanyformorby anymeansgraphic,electronic,ormechanical,includingbutnotlimitedto Publisher:Jon-DavidHague photocopying,recording,scanning,digitizing,taping,Webdistribution, ExecutiveEditor:JaimePerkins informationnetworks,orinformationstorageandretrievalsystems, DevelopmentalEditor:JessicaAlderman exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStates MarketingCoordinator:JanayPryor CopyrightAct,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. 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TolearnmoreaboutWadsworth,visitwww.cengage.com/Wadsworth Purchaseanyofourproductsatyourlocalcollegestoreoratour preferredonlinestorewww.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Brief Contents PART I PRINCIPLES 1 Introduction 1 2 Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing 25 3 Correlation and Regression 65 4 Reliability 101 5 Validity 133 6 Writing and Evaluating Test Items 157 7 Test Administration 185 PART II APPLICATIONS 8 Interviewing Techniques 203 9 Theories of Intelligence and the Binet Scales 233 10 The Wechsler Intelligence Scales: WAIS-IV, WISC-IV, and WPPSI-III 255 11 Other Individual Tests of Ability in Education and Special Education 279 12 Standardized Tests in Education, Civil Service, and the Military 311 13 Applications in Clinical and Counseling Settings 341 14 Projective Personality Tests 381 15 Computers and Basic Psychological Science in Testing 411 16 Testing in Counseling Psychology 441 17 Testing in Health Psychology and Health Care 461 18 Testing in Industrial and Business Settings 499 PART III ISSUES 19 Test Bias 531 20 Testing and the Law 567 21 Ethics and the Future of Psychological Testing 609 iii Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents PART I PRINCIPLES 1 Introduction 1 Basic Concepts 6 What a Test Is 6 Types of Tests 7 Overview of the Book 10 Principles of Psychological Testing 10 Applications of Psychological Testing 10 Issues of Psychological Testing 11 Historical Perspective 11 Early Antecedents 11 Charles Darwin and Individual Differences 12 Experimental Psychology and Psychophysical Measurement 13 The Evolution of Intelligence and Standardized Achievement Tests 14 Personality Tests: 1920–1940 17 The Emergence of New Approaches to Personality Testing 19 The Period of Rapid Changes in the Status of Testing 20 The Current Environment 21 Summary 23 2 Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing 25 Why We Need Statistics 26 Scales of Measurement 27 Properties of Scales 27 Types of Scales 29 Permissible Operations 30 Frequency Distributions 31 Percentile Ranks 34 Percentiles 38 Describing Distributions 39 Mean 39 Standard Deviation 40 Z Score 42 Standard Normal Distribution 43 iv Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. CONTENTS v McCall’s T 50 Quartiles and Deciles 51 Norms 53 Age-Related Norms 55 Tracking 55 Criterion-Referenced Tests 59 Summary 62 3 Correlation and Regression 65 The Scatter Diagram 66 Correlation 68 Regression 69 The Regression Line 69 The Best-Fitting Line 71 Testing the Statistical Significance of a Correlation Coefficient 76 How to Interpret a Regression Plot 78 Other Correlation Coefficients 81 Terms and Issues in the Use of Correlation 84 Residual 84 Standard Error of Estimate 84 Coefficient of Determination 85 Coefficient of Alienation 85 Shrinkage 85 Cross Validation 86 The Correlation–Causation Problem 86 Third Variable Explanation 86 Restricted Range 86 Multivariate Analysis (Optional) 88 General Approach 88 An Example Using Multiple Regression 89 Discriminant Analysis 90 Factor Analysis 91 Summary 94 APPENDIX 3.1: Calculation of a Regression Equation and a Correlation Coefficient 95 Calculation of a Regression Equation (Data from Table 3.5) 96 Calculation of a Correlation Coefficient (Data from Table 3.5) 98 4 Reliability 101 History and Theory of Reliability 102 Conceptualization of Error 102 Spearman’s Early Studies 103 Basics of Test Score Theory 103 The Domain Sampling Model 105 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vi CONTENTS Item Response Theory 106 Models of Reliability 108 Sources of Error 108 Time Sampling: The Test–Retest Method 109 Item Sampling: Parallel Forms Method 110 Split-Half Method 111 KR Formula 113 20 Coefficient Alpha 115 Reliability of a Difference Score 116 Reliability in Behavioral Observation Studies 118 Connecting Sources of Error with Reliability Assessment Method 119 Using Reliability Information 120 Standard Errors of Measurement and the Rubber Yardstick 120 How Reliable Is Reliable? 124 What to Do About Low Reliability 126 Summary 129 APPENDIX 4.1: Using Coefficient Alpha to Estimate Split-Half Reliability When the Variances for the Two Halves of the Test Are Unequal 130 APPENDIX 4.2: The Calculation of Reliability Using KR 130 20 5 Validity 133 Defining Validity 135 Aspects of Validity 135 Face Validity 136 Content-Related Evidence for Validity 136 Criterion-Related Evidence for Validity 138 Construct-Related Evidence for Validity 148 Relationship Between Reliability and Validity 154 Summary 155 6 Writing and Evaluating Test Items 157 Item Writing 158 Item Formats 159 Other Possibilities 167 Item Analysis 170 Item Difficulty 170 Discriminability 172 Pictures of Item Characteristics 174 Linking Uncommon Measures 179 Items for Criterion-Referenced Tests 181 Limitations of Item Analysis 182 Summary 183 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. CONTENTS vii 7 Test Administration 185 The Examiner and the Subject 186 The Relationship Between Examiner and Test Taker 186 The Race of the Tester 187 Language of Test Taker 189 Training of Test Administrators 189 Expectancy Effects 191 Effects of Reinforcing Responses 192 Computer-Assisted Test Administration 195 Mode of Administration 196 Subject Variables 197 Behavioral Assessment Methodology 198 Reactivity 199 Drift 199 Expectancies 199 Deception 200 Statistical Control of Rating Errors 201 Summary 201 PART II APPLICATIONS 8 Interviewing Techniques 203 The Interview as a Test 206 Reciprocal Nature of Interviewing 208 Principles of Effective Interviewing 208 The Proper Attitudes 208 Responses to Avoid 209 Effective Responses 211 Responses to Keep the Interaction Flowing 212 Measuring Understanding 215 Types of Interviews 217 Evaluation Interview 217 Structured Clinical Interviews 218 Case History Interview 223 Mental Status Examination 224 Developing Interviewing Skills 225 Sources of Error in the Interview 225 Interview Validity 226 Interview Reliability 229 Summary 230 9 Theories of Intelligence and the Binet Scales 233 The Problem of Defining Intelligence 234 Binet’s Principles of Test Construction 236 Principle 1: Age Differentiation 236 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii CONTENTS Principle 2: General Mental Ability 237 Spearman’s Model of General Mental Ability 237 Implications of General Mental Intelligence (g) 238 The gf-gc Theory of Intelligence 239 The Early Binet Scales 239 The 1905 Binet-Simon Scale 239 The 1908 Scale 240 Terman’s Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 242 The 1916 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 242 The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) 242 The 1937 Scale 244 The 1960 Stanford-Binet Revision and Deviation IQ (SB-LM) 245 The Modern Binet Scale 246 Model for the Fourth and Fifth Editions of the Binet Scale 247 Characteristics of the 1986 Revision 247 Characteristics of the 2003 Fifth Edition 250 Psychometric Properties of the 2003 Fifth Edition 251 Median Validity 252 Summary 252 10 The Wechsler Intelligence Scales: WAIS-IV, WISC-IV, and WPPSI-III 255 The Wechsler Intelligence Scales 257 Point and Performance Scale Concepts 257 From the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale to the WAIS-IV 259 Scales, Subtests, and Indexes 259 A Closer Look at Subtests 260 From Raw Scores to Scaled and Index Scale Scores 265 Index Scores 266 FSIQs 267 Interpretive Features of the Wechsler Tests 267 Index Comparisons 267 Pattern Analysis 268 Hypothetical Case Studies 268 Psychometric Properties of the Wechsler Adult Scale 270 Standardization 270 Reliability 270 Validity 271 Evaluation of the Wechsler Adult Scales 271 Downward Extensions of the WAIS-III: The WISC-IV and the WPPSI-III 271 The WISC-IV 272 The WPPSI-III 275 Summary 277 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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