Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues

770 Pages·2012·8.81 MB·English

by  Robert M. Kaplan

Psychological Testing
PRINCIPLES,
APPLICATIONS,
& ISSUES
Eighth Edition
ROBERT M. KAPLAN DENNIS P. SACCUZZO
University of California, Los Angeles San Diego State University
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Applications,andIssues,EighthEdition
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Brief Contents
PART I PRINCIPLES
1 Introduction 1
2 Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing 25
3 Correlation and Regression 65
4 Reliability 101
5 Validity 133
6 Writing and Evaluating Test Items 157
7 Test Administration 185
PART II APPLICATIONS
8 Interviewing Techniques 203
9 Theories of Intelligence and the Binet Scales 233
10 The Wechsler Intelligence Scales: WAIS-IV, WISC-IV,
and WPPSI-III 255
11 Other Individual Tests of Ability in Education
and Special Education 279
12 Standardized Tests in Education, Civil Service, and the Military 311
13 Applications in Clinical and Counseling Settings 341
14 Projective Personality Tests 381
15 Computers and Basic Psychological Science in Testing 411
16 Testing in Counseling Psychology 441
17 Testing in Health Psychology and Health Care 461
18 Testing in Industrial and Business Settings 499
PART III ISSUES
19 Test Bias 531
20 Testing and the Law 567
21 Ethics and the Future of Psychological Testing 609
iii
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Contents
PART I PRINCIPLES
1 Introduction 1
Basic Concepts 6
What a Test Is 6
Types of Tests 7
Overview of the Book 10
Principles of Psychological Testing 10
Applications of Psychological Testing 10
Issues of Psychological Testing 11
Historical Perspective 11
Early Antecedents 11
Charles Darwin and Individual Differences 12
Experimental Psychology and Psychophysical Measurement 13
The Evolution of Intelligence and Standardized Achievement Tests 14
Personality Tests: 1920–1940 17
The Emergence of New Approaches to Personality Testing 19
The Period of Rapid Changes in the Status of Testing 20
The Current Environment 21
Summary 23
2 Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing 25
Why We Need Statistics 26
Scales of Measurement 27
Properties of Scales 27
Types of Scales 29
Permissible Operations 30
Frequency Distributions 31
Percentile Ranks 34
Percentiles 38
Describing Distributions 39
Mean 39
Standard Deviation 40
Z Score 42
Standard Normal Distribution 43
iv
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CONTENTS v
McCall’s T 50
Quartiles and Deciles 51
Norms 53
Age-Related Norms 55
Tracking 55
Criterion-Referenced Tests 59
Summary 62
3 Correlation and Regression 65
The Scatter Diagram 66
Correlation 68
Regression 69
The Regression Line 69
The Best-Fitting Line 71
Testing the Statistical Significance of a Correlation Coefficient 76
How to Interpret a Regression Plot 78
Other Correlation Coefficients 81
Terms and Issues in the Use of Correlation 84
Residual 84
Standard Error of Estimate 84
Coefficient of Determination 85
Coefficient of Alienation 85
Shrinkage 85
Cross Validation 86
The Correlation–Causation Problem 86
Third Variable Explanation 86
Restricted Range 86
Multivariate Analysis (Optional) 88
General Approach 88
An Example Using Multiple Regression 89
Discriminant Analysis 90
Factor Analysis 91
Summary 94
APPENDIX 3.1: Calculation of a Regression Equation
and a Correlation Coefficient 95
Calculation of a Regression Equation (Data from Table 3.5) 96
Calculation of a Correlation Coefficient (Data from Table 3.5) 98
4 Reliability 101
History and Theory of Reliability 102
Conceptualization of Error 102
Spearman’s Early Studies 103
Basics of Test Score Theory 103
The Domain Sampling Model 105
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vi CONTENTS
Item Response Theory 106
Models of Reliability 108
Sources of Error 108
Time Sampling: The Test–Retest Method 109
Item Sampling: Parallel Forms Method 110
Split-Half Method 111
KR Formula 113
20
Coefficient Alpha 115
Reliability of a Difference Score 116
Reliability in Behavioral Observation Studies 118
Connecting Sources of Error with Reliability Assessment Method 119
Using Reliability Information 120
Standard Errors of Measurement and the Rubber Yardstick 120
How Reliable Is Reliable? 124
What to Do About Low Reliability 126
Summary 129
APPENDIX 4.1: Using Coefficient Alpha to Estimate Split-Half
Reliability When the Variances for the Two Halves of the
Test Are Unequal 130
APPENDIX 4.2: The Calculation of Reliability Using KR 130
20
5 Validity 133
Defining Validity 135
Aspects of Validity 135
Face Validity 136
Content-Related Evidence for Validity 136
Criterion-Related Evidence for Validity 138
Construct-Related Evidence for Validity 148
Relationship Between Reliability and Validity 154
Summary 155
6 Writing and Evaluating Test Items 157
Item Writing 158
Item Formats 159
Other Possibilities 167
Item Analysis 170
Item Difficulty 170
Discriminability 172
Pictures of Item Characteristics 174
Linking Uncommon Measures 179
Items for Criterion-Referenced Tests 181
Limitations of Item Analysis 182
Summary 183
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CONTENTS vii
7 Test Administration 185
The Examiner and the Subject 186
The Relationship Between Examiner and Test Taker 186
The Race of the Tester 187
Language of Test Taker 189
Training of Test Administrators 189
Expectancy Effects 191
Effects of Reinforcing Responses 192
Computer-Assisted Test Administration 195
Mode of Administration 196
Subject Variables 197
Behavioral Assessment Methodology 198
Reactivity 199
Drift 199
Expectancies 199
Deception 200
Statistical Control of Rating Errors 201
Summary 201
PART II APPLICATIONS
8 Interviewing Techniques 203
The Interview as a Test 206
Reciprocal Nature of Interviewing 208
Principles of Effective Interviewing 208
The Proper Attitudes 208
Responses to Avoid 209
Effective Responses 211
Responses to Keep the Interaction Flowing 212
Measuring Understanding 215
Types of Interviews 217
Evaluation Interview 217
Structured Clinical Interviews 218
Case History Interview 223
Mental Status Examination 224
Developing Interviewing Skills 225
Sources of Error in the Interview 225
Interview Validity 226
Interview Reliability 229
Summary 230
9 Theories of Intelligence and the Binet Scales 233
The Problem of Defining Intelligence 234
Binet’s Principles of Test Construction 236
Principle 1: Age Differentiation 236
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viii CONTENTS
Principle 2: General Mental Ability 237
Spearman’s Model of General Mental Ability 237
Implications of General Mental Intelligence (g) 238
The gf-gc Theory of Intelligence 239
The Early Binet Scales 239
The 1905 Binet-Simon Scale 239
The 1908 Scale 240
Terman’s Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 242
The 1916 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 242
The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) 242
The 1937 Scale 244
The 1960 Stanford-Binet Revision and Deviation IQ (SB-LM) 245
The Modern Binet Scale 246
Model for the Fourth and Fifth Editions of the Binet Scale 247
Characteristics of the 1986 Revision 247
Characteristics of the 2003 Fifth Edition 250
Psychometric Properties of the 2003 Fifth Edition 251
Median Validity 252
Summary 252
10 The Wechsler Intelligence Scales: WAIS-IV, WISC-IV,
and WPPSI-III 255
The Wechsler Intelligence Scales 257
Point and Performance Scale Concepts 257
From the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale to the WAIS-IV 259
Scales, Subtests, and Indexes 259
A Closer Look at Subtests 260
From Raw Scores to Scaled and Index Scale Scores 265
Index Scores 266
FSIQs 267
Interpretive Features of the Wechsler Tests 267
Index Comparisons 267
Pattern Analysis 268
Hypothetical Case Studies 268
Psychometric Properties of the Wechsler Adult Scale 270
Standardization 270
Reliability 270
Validity 271
Evaluation of the Wechsler Adult Scales 271
Downward Extensions of the WAIS-III: The WISC-IV and the WPPSI-III 271
The WISC-IV 272
The WPPSI-III 275
Summary 277
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