Proposition Every symmetric projective R-module is projective

162 Pages·2012·11.64 MB·English

J. Duhok Univ., Vol.51, No.1 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), 2152

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Shoot Extract Root Extract
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Plant type % length length n % % length length %
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0 21.6a 27.2a 48.8a - 0 21.7a 27.2a 48.9a -
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J. Duhok Univ., Vol.15, No.1 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), 2012

CONTENTS

- On Symmetric And Skew- Symmetric Projective R- Modules
Hazha Zirar Hussain…………………..…………………….…………………………....……………..1

- New Self-Scaling (Qn_Method) With Modification Armijo Line Search
Salah G.Shareefand Mardin Sh.Tahir...…..……………………………………….……………………..6

- Diterpene Alkaloids From Delphinium Peregrinum L.Var.Eriocarpum Boiss.
Suzan AL-Lababidi and Fadhil B. Essa..……...……………………………….….…………….……..13

- Some Results On A Certain Fractional Boundary Value Problem
Ava Sh. Rafeeq And Hussein J. Zekri………………………………………….….………….…...…..21

- Effect Of Type Of Wastewater On The Oxygen Uptake Rate In Batch Reactors
Kossay K. Al-Ahmady and Zena Fakhri…………………………………………………….………..25

- Effect Of Using Waste Polyethylene Production On Mechanical Properties Of
Concrete
Thamer H.Hanna and Ismail H.Mosa………………………..…………….….………….…….……..37

- Global Existence And Uniqueness Solution Of Fractional Second Order
Nonlinear Integro –Differential Equations With Boundary Conditions
Ammar isam…………………..………………………………………………...…………….………..48

- Prevalence Of Giardia Lamblia In Infected Children In Kalar Town With
Some Haematological And Biochemical Parameters
Mohammed Abdul-Aziz Kadir and Sirwan M. Mohammad Ali………………….………….…..…..56

- The Comparison Between Two Of The Activated Sludge Systems; Continuous
Flow And Sequences Batch Reactor In The Effluent Quality And Sludge
Properties
Kossay K. Al-Ahmady…………………..…………………………….…………………..….………..63

- Effect Of Fourteen Antibiotics On Klebsiella pneumonia AND Proteus mirabilis
Strains Isolated From Human Urinary Tract.
Abdulrhem Thonnon Younis Al-Ghazal……....…………………………………………..….………..72

- A Preliminary Geophysical Investigation For Establishing A Subsurface Dam In
Mirawa Valley (Northeast Erbil City - Iraqi Kurdistan Region)
Fadhil A. Ghaib and Abdulwahab N. Al-Dawoody ………………………....………..….………..77

- The Sufficient Conditions For The Existence And Non-Existence Of Positive
Periodic Solutions For Polynomial First Order Differential Equations
Azad I. Amen and Najmaddin A Sulaiman ………..……………….………....………..….………..88

- Improvement Of The Lower Bound Of 8-Blocking Sets In The Projective
Plane Of Square Order And Minimal Blocking Sets In Pg(2, Q),Q = 3,4,5
Chinar A.Ahamed ……………………………………………………….………....………..….………..94
J. Duhok Univ., Vol.15, No.1 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), 2012

- Some Results For Integro – Fractional Differential Equations With Boundary
Conditions
Azhaar H. Sallo ……………………………….…………………….………....………..…..………..105

- Minimal Blocking Sets And (K, N)-ARCS IN PG(2,13)
Chinar A.Ahamed …………………………………………….………....……….……..….………..115

- Impact Of Upstream Tigris River On Groundwater Quality In Ne Mosul City
Lilyan Y Matti Alsaka……………………………………………...…………....………..….……....124

- Some Conditions Under Which Certain Types Of Modules Possess Localization
Property
Ismael Akray, Adil Kadir Jabbar and Reza Sazeedeh…………………………..………..….……....411

- Phytochemical And Antibacteria Investigation Of Some Kurdistan Plant
Extracts

Najla’a K. Issai , Rihan S. Abd-Al-Jabar and Delveen R. Ibrahim ……………………….……......451
J. Duhok Univ., Vol. 15, No.1 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), Pp 1-5, 2012

ON SYMMETRIC AND SKEW- SYMMETRIC PROJECTIVE R- MODULES

HAZHA ZIRAR HUSSAIN
Dep. of Mathematics, College of Science, University of Salahaddin, Kurdistan region-Iraq
(Received: July 4, 2009; Accepted for publication:November 15, 2011 )

ABSTRACT
If R is a commutative ring with identity, a finitely generated R- module P is defined to be symmetric (skew- symmetric)
projective (s.p) (s.s.p) R- module if and only if there exists a finite set ( a , a, …, a ) of generators of P and an nxn symmetric
1 2 n
(skew- symmetric) matrix M=[r ] with entries in R satisfies the following:
ij
1) U (Mt) = U 1*) U (-Mt) = U
2) U = ann(Mt) 2*) U = - ann(Mt)

In this paper, two kinds of projective modules are considered, we prove that, the homomorphic image and the product of two
(s.p) R- modules is (s.p) R- modules, some relations between (s.p) and (s.s.p) R- modules are proved. The dual module P* and the
bidual module P* of (s.p) and (s.s.p) R- module are studied.

KEYWORDS. Projective module, Multiplication module, Symmetric projective module, Skew-symmetric projective module

INTRODUCTION (s.s.p) R- module the converse is also not true, if P
1
and P are two (s.s.p) R- modules then the product
2
L
et R be a commutative ring with identity, P P P is (s.p) R- module but not (s.s.p) R- module ,
1 2
be a unitary left R- module, a fnitely every cyclic R- module is (s.p) R- module but not
generated R- module P with generators U= ( a , a , (s.s.p) R- module.
1 2
…, a ) is projective if and only if the vector U= ( a , The dual module P* , P*= { L; L:M  R is a
n 1
a , …, a ) is a semi- regular n- vector, see[5 ]. We module homomorphism} of a (s.p) R- module P is
2 n
say that a finitely generated R- module P is (s.p) R- module with associative nxn symmetric
symmetric projective (s.p) R- module if and only if matrix M= [r ] , also if P is (s.s.p) R- module then
ij
there exists a finite set ( a , a , …, a ) of generators P* is also (s.s.p) R- module with associated nxn
1 2 n
of P and an nxn symmetric matrix M=[r ] with skew- symmetric matrix –M= [-r ] and the dual of
ij ij
entries in R satisfies the following: P* is (P*)* is also (s.s.p) R- module with associated
1) U (Mt) = U nxn skew symmetric matrix M= [r ]. It was proved
ij
2) U = ann(Mt) in [7] that if P is f.g projective R- module then ann
The matrix M is called the associated matrix P= ann P*, we prove that if P is f.g (s.s.p) R- module
with P. In this work we prove that the homomorphic then ann P*= -ann P.
image of a (s.p) R- module is (s.p) R- module and For a reference to the basic concepts appearing
the product of two (s.p) R- modules is (s.p) R- in this work consult [2], [3], [4], [8].
module. Also we say that a finitely generated R- Proposition1.1: Every symmetric projective R-
module P is skew- symmetric projective (s.s.p) R- module is projective.
module if and only if there exists a finite set ( a , a , Proof: It is clear, so the proof is omitted.
1 2
…, a ) of generators of P and an nxn skew- Theorem 1.2: Let M be (s.p) R-module and K R-
n
symmetric matrix M= [r ] with entries in R satisfies submodule of M, then the quotient R- module M/K
ij
the following: is (s.p) R- module.
1) U (-Mt) = U Proof : Assume that P is generated by the
2) U = - ann(Mt) components of the vector U= ( a1, a2, …, an). There
exists an nxn symmetric matrix M=[ r ] such that
The matrix M is called the associated matrix ij
with P. We prove that every (s.p) R- module is not UMt= U, U= ann(Mt). Then the quotient module
1