Properties and classification of the PAHA loess -derived soils in northeastern Iowa

217 Pages·09.902 MB·English

by  Scholtes, Wayne Henry

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PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE, PAHA LOESS-DERIVED
SOILS IN NORTHEASTERN IOWA
by
Wayne Henry Scholtes
A Dissertation Submitted to the
Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Major Subject* Soil Genesis and Morphology
Approved*
In Charge of Major Work
Head of Major Department
y y j
Dean of Graduate College
Iowa State College
19?1
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
UMI Number: DP13461
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UMI Microform DP13461
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Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346
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S 5 3 D X 8
Sc 'h 6 A p ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION....... 1
HISTORICAL.................................... 3
Classification of Soils on the Paha of
the Northeast Iowan Drift Plain.......•. 3
Tama Series *•••....•..•.........*. • • • *+
C lint on Series ............... . • 5
Fayette Series ...... 9
Formation of Soils on the Paha .... 10
Mode of Loess Deposition.................. 1M-
Climate During Loess Deposition ........... 16
Age of Loess Deposits. ......... 17
Lodgement Factors Affecting Loess Depth .••• 20
The Problem of the Paha Loess *..... 22
Composition of the Paha....... 23
Origin of the Paha Loess....... 23
Orientation of the Paha .......... 27
Distribution of the Paha............. 28
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION ....................... 3k
Description of the Area in Which the Paha
Occur...............*.............. 3*+
Field Studies . .... 37
Location of Paha on Northeast Iowan
Drift Plain............. 37
Cross Section of Paha .... M-8
Morphological Studies and Collection
of Soil Profile Samples .......... 6l
Morphological Study of Burled
Fossil Soils ...................... 72
Elevations of Paha and Iowan Drift .... 75
Soil Map of a Paha ................ 80
7.
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iii
Laboratory Studies . .................... 83
Physical Studies 83
Mechanical analysis ................ 83
Volume weight ...« •. 89
Porosity .................... 9p
Permeability *...*•.*•........... 10m-
Chemical Studies .................... 112
Soil reaction or p H .......... 112
Available phosphorus and
potassium ....•••••••.......... 117
Exchangeable cations ..... 12m-
DISCUSSION ................. 129
SUMMARY .............. l*+9
CONCLUSIONS ................................... 152
LITERATURE CITED .............................. 155
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......................... 162
APPENDIX .................................. 163
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iv
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 Mechanical Analyses of Seven Soil
Profiles on Paha 85
TABLE 2 Volume Weights of Seven Soil Pro­
files on Paha, Tama Profile, Fayette
Profile, and Several Loess and Till
Samples from Marshall County, and
Several Loess Samples from Monona
County 91
TABLE 3 Aeration and Capillary Porosity Data
of Seven Soil Profiles on Paha, Tama
Profile, Fayette Profile, and Several
Loess and Till Samples from Marshall
County 99
TABLE k Permeabilities of Seven Soil Profiles
on Paha, Tama Profile, Fayette Pro­
file, and Several Loess and Till
Samples from Marshall County, and
Several Loess Samples from Monona
County 105
TABLE 5 pH of Seven Soil Profiles onP aha 113
TABLE 6 Available Phosphorus and Potassium
of Seven Soil Profiles on Paha 119
TABLE 7 Exchangeable H, Ca, Mg, Ca/Mg Ratio
and Base Saturation of Selected
Layers of Two Paha Loess Derived
Soils and a Profile Each of Tama
and Fayette Series 126
TABLE 8 Percent Base Saturation and Per­
cent Clay Content of the Ai and B2
Horizons of Several Loess Derived
Soils 1H6
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V
TABLE 9 Physical and Chemical Properties
of Different Horizons of Tama Silt
Loam (Tama County, Iowa) 166
TABLE 10 Physical and Chemical Properties
of Different Horizons of Fayette
Silt Loam (Jackson County, Iowa) 171
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