Table Of Content

This page intentionally left blank. Promoting Physical Activity A Guide for Community Action Second Edition David R. Brown, Gregory W. Heath, and Sarah Levin Martin Editors Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Human Kinetics Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Promoting physical activity : a guide for community action / Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity ; edited by David R. Brown, Gregory W. Heath, and Sarah Levin Martin. -- 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-6208-4 (soft cover) ISBN-10: 0-7360-6208-4 (soft cover) 1. Health promotion--Social aspects--United States. 2. Physical fitness--Social aspects--United States. 3. Medicine, Preventive- -Social aspects--United States. I. Brown, David R., Ph. D. II. Heath, Gregory. III. Martin, Sarah Levin. IV. Coordinating Center for Health Promotion (U.S.) V. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U.S.). Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity. [DNLM: 1. Health Promotion--United States. 2. Physical Fitness--United States. 3. Preventive Medicine--United States. 4. Sociology, Medical--United States. QT 255 P9653 2010] RA427.8.P767 2010 362.1--dc22 2009047443 ISBN-10: 0-7360-6208-4 (print) ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-6208-4 (print) This book is published for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity by Human Kinetics, Inc. This book is a work of the United States Government. All material appearing in this book, except where otherwise noted, is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without permission. Citation of the source, however, is appreci- ated. We also request that you notify us as a courtesy when reprinting or adapting excerpts of 500 or more words. When reprinting or adapting excerpts from Promoting Physical Activity: A Guide for Community Action, Second Edition, please contact the Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity, Mail Stop K-46, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724; phone: 770-488-5820. The Web addresses cited in this text were current as of October 2009, unless otherwise noted. Acquisitions Editor: Michael S. Bahrke, PhD; Managing Editor: Melissa J. Zavala; Assistant Editor: Casey A. Gentis; Copy- editor: Julie Anderson; Indexer: Nan Badgett; Permission Manager: Dalene Reeder; Graphic Designer: Angela K. Snyder; Graphic Artist: Angela K. Snyder; Cover Designer: Keith Blomberg; Photographer (cover): © Human Kinetics; Photographer (interior): © Human Kinetics, unless otherwise noted; Photo Asset Manager: Laura Fitch; Photo Production Manager: Jason Allen; Art Manager: Kelly Hendren; Associate Art Manager: Alan L. Wilborn; Illustrator: Tammy Page; Printer: Versa Press Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The paper in this book is certified under a sustainable forestry program. Human Kinetics Web site: www.HumanKinetics.com United States: Human Kinetics Australia: Human Kinetics P.O. Box 5076 57A Price Avenue Champaign, IL 61825-5076 Lower Mitcham, South Australia 5062 800-747-4457 08 8372 0999 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Canada: Human Kinetics New Zealand: Human Kinetics 475 Devonshire Road Unit 100 P.O. Box 80 Windsor, ON N8Y 2L5 Torrens Park, South Australia 5062 800-465-7301 (in Canada only) 0800 222 062 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Europe: Human Kinetics 107 Bradford Road Stanningley Leeds LS28 6AT, United Kingdom +44 (0) 113 255 5665 e-mail: [email protected] E3579 contents Contributors vii Preface xi Introduction xv Part I Foundations for Physical Activity Promotion 1 Chapter 1 Health Benefits of Physical Activity 3 David M. Buchner What Is Physical Activity? 3 What Is Physical Fitness? 4 Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure 4 Determinants of the Health Benefits of Physical Activity 5 Types of Physical Activity 7 Other Attributes of Physical Activity 7 Preventive Health Benefits of Physical Activity 7 Health Benefits of Physical Activity in Children 16 Prevention of Functional Limitations and Disability 17 Therapeutic Exercise 19 Perspective on Physical Activity Risks 19 Conclusion 20 Resources 20 Chapter 2 Physical Activity Recommendations 21 Janet E. Fulton and Harold W. Kohl III Healthy People 2010: National Health Promotion and 21 Disease Prevention Objectives Related to Physical Activity and Physical Fitness Physical Activity Recommendations for Adults— 22 Historical Considerations Overview of Current Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults 24 Current Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults 24 What’s New About the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines 26 for Americans? Physical Activity Recommendations for Older Adults— 29 Historical Considerations Current Physical Activity Guidelines for Older Adults 30 Physical Activity Recommendations for Children 32 and Adolescents—Historical Considerations Current Physical Activity Guidelines for Children 37 and Adolescents Summary 39 Suggested Readings 39 iii iv Contents Part II Approaches and Interventions for Changing 41 Physical Activity Behavior Chapter 3 Informational Approaches to Promoting Physical Activity 47 Community-Wide Campaigns 47 Sara Wilcox and Dennis Shepard Point-of-Decision Prompts 57 Sarah Levin Martin, Leigh Ramsey Buchanan, and Robin E. Soler Chapter 4 Behavioral and Social Approaches 63 to Promoting Physical Activity Enhanced School-Based Physical Education 63 Jacqueline N. Epping and Sarah M. Lee Individually-Adapted Health Behavior Change Interventions 75 David R. Brown and Tina J. Lankford Social Support Interventions in Community Settings 86 Rebeka Cook and Ross C. Brownson Chapter 5 Environmental and Policy Approaches 93 to Promoting Physical Activity Creation of or Enhanced Access to Places for 93 Physical Activity Combined With Informational Outreach Activities James F. Sallis and Gregory W. Heath Community-Scale and Street-Scale Urban Design and 102 Land Use Policies and Practices to Promote Physical Activity Thomas L. Schmid and Candace Rutt Part III Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating 117 Your Intervention or Program Chapter 6 Partnerships 119 Tamara Vehige Calise, Refilwe Moeti, and Jacqueline N. Epping Key Steps to an Effective Partnership 120 Step 1: Determine Whether a Partnership Is Necessary 122 Step 2: Determine Whether Potential Partners Have the 123 Capacity and Interest to Support the Partnership Step 3: Recruit Partners 128 Step 4: Establish Leadership 130 Step 5: Determine One or More Common Goals 130 Step 6: Determine the Partner’s Level of Involvement 132 and Cooperation in the Partnership Step 7: Define the Partnership’s Operational Structure 132 Step 8: Keep the Long-Term Goal in View 134 Step 9: Start With Reasonable Short-Term Objectives 134 Step 10: Evaluate the Partnership 135 Conclusion 135 Recommended Readings 135 Contents v Chapter 7 Program Planning and Evaluation 137 Sarah Levin Martin and Lauren M. Workman Program Planning 137 Program Evaluation 144 Conclusion 151 Suggested Readings 152 Part IV Resources for Action 153 Appendix A Physical Activity and Disability 155 by James H. Rimmer Appendix B Physical Activity Surveillance by Sandra A. Ham 165 Appendix C Physical Activity and Fitness (HP 2010 Progress Review) 171 Appendix D Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the 197 Surgeon General (Executive Summary) Appendix E Resources 215 Glossary 225 References 233 Index 255 About the Organization 261 About the Editors 262 This page intentionally left blank. contributors Editors David R. Brown, PhD, FACSM Research Behavioral Scientist Physical Activity and Health Branch Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Gregory W. Heath, DHSc, MPH, FACSM, FAHA* Guerry Professor and Head Department of Health and Human Performance Director of Research, College of Medicine University of Tennessee Chattanooga Sarah Levin Martin, PhD* Healthy Maine Partnerships Evaluation Team Leader Maine Center for Public Health Contributing Authors Ross C. Brownson, PhD Professor and Codirector Prevention Research Center in St. Louis Schools of Medicine and Social Work Washington University in St. Louis Leigh Ramsey Buchanan, PhD Epidemiologist Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention David M. Buchner, MD, MPH* Shahid and Ann Carlson Khan Professor in Applied Health Sciences Department of Kinesiology and Community Health University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Tamara Vehige Calise, MEd* DrPH Candidate Boston University School of Public Health Rebeka Cook, MPH Commission on Ministerial Health Texas District Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod Austin, TX vii viii Contributors Jacqueline N. Epping, MEd Team Leader, Guidelines and Recommendations Development Team Physical Activity and Health Branch Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Janet E. Fulton, PhD Team Leader, Epidemiology and Surveillance Team Physical Activity and Health Branch Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sandra A. Ham, MS* Divinity School University of Illinois at Chicago Harold W. Kohl, III, PhD, MSPH1 Professor of Epidemiology and Kinesiology University of Texas School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Dis- ease Control and College of Education, Department of Kinesiology and Health University of Texas at Austin Tina J. Lankford, MPH Public Health Analyst Physical Activity and Health Branch Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sarah M. Lee, PhD Health Scientist Division of Adolescent and School Health National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Refilwe Moeti, MA* Public Health Educator Division of Oral Health National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention James H. Rimmer, PhD Professor Director, National Center on Physical Activity and Disability Department of Disability and Human Development University of Illinois at Chicago Candace Rutt, PhD Senior Service Fellow Physical Activity and Health Branch Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention