Project Design for Geomatics Engineers and Surveyors

304 Pages·2023·22.862 MB·English

by  Clement A. Ogaja, Nashon J. Adero, Derrick Koome

Project Design for
Geomatics Engineers
and Surveyors
Project Design for Geomatics Engineers and Surveyors, Second Edition, continues
to focus on the key components and aspects of project design for geomatics and land
surveying projects with the goal of helping readers navigate the priority issues when
planning new projects. The second edition includes new materials on surveying and
UAV, and it is thoroughly updated to keep current with the recent technology and ter-
minology. The two new chapters capture new developments in the rapidly emerging
use of remote sensing and GIS in aerial surveys, mapping, and imaging for small-to-
medium-scale projects, as well as modern practices and experiences in engineering
surveying.
• Provides a simple guide for geomatics engineering projects using recent and
advanced technologies.
• Includes new content on spatial data collection using GIS, drones, and 3D
digital modeling.
• Covers professional standards; professional and ethical responsibilities; and
policy, social, and environmental issues related.
• Discusses project planning including scheduling and budgeting.
• Features practical examples with solutions and explains new methods for
planning, implementing, and monitoring engineering and mining surveying
projects.
Undergraduate and graduate students, professors, practicing professionals, and sur-
veyors will find this new edition useful, as well as geospatial/geomatics engineers,
civil engineers, mining engineers, GIS professionals, planners, land developers, and
project managers.
Project Design for
Geomatics Engineers
and Surveyors
Second Edition
Clement A. Ogaja, Nashon J. Adero,
and Derrick Koome
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not
warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB®
software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a
particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.
Second edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2023 Clement A. Ogaja, Nashon J. Adero, and Derrick Koome
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
First edition published by CRC Press 2020
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and pub-
lisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Ogaja, Clement A., author. | Adero, Nashon Juma, author. | Koome, Derrick, author.
Title: Project design for geomatics engineers and surveyors / Clement Ogaja, Nashon Adero, Derrick Koome.
Other titles: Geomatics engineering
Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2023. |
Revised edition of: Geomatics engineering : a practical guide to project design / Clement A. Ogaja.
Boca Raton : CRC Press, c2011. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Summary: “Project Design for Geomatics Engineers and Surveyors, Second Edition”, continues to focus on
the key components and aspects of project design for geomatics and land surveying projects with the goal
of helping readers navigate the priority issues when planning new projects. The second edition includes
new materials on surveying and UAV, and it is thoroughly updated to keep current with the recent tech-
nology and terminology. The two new chapters capture new developments in the rapidly emerging use of
remote sensing and GIS in aerial surveys, mapping, and imaging for small-to-medium scale projects, as
well as modern practices and experiences in engineering surveying”–Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022046427 (print) | LCCN 2022046428 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781032266794 (hbk) | ISBN 9781032285160 (pbk) | ISBN 9781003297147 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Surveying. | Geomatics. | Project management. | Geographic information systems.
ISBN: 978-1-032-26679-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-28516-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-29714-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003297147
Typeset in Times
by codeMantra
Contents
Preface (Second Edition) ........................................................................................xiii
Preface (First Edition) ..............................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................xvii
Authors ....................................................................................................................xix
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................xxi
PART I Overview
Chapter 1 Project Design Process .........................................................................3
1.1 Understanding Project Requirements ........................................3
1.1.1 Scope, Time, and Budget..............................................3
1.1.2 Design Framework .......................................................4
1.2 Information Gathering ...............................................................5
1.2.1 Existing Sources ...........................................................5
1.2.1.1 Survey Control Data .....................................5
1.2.1.2 Existing Photography....................................6
1.2.1.3 Existing Maps ...............................................6
1.2.1.4 Plans and Legal Property Descriptions ........7
1.2.1.5 Agency Contacts and Interviews ..................7
1.2.2 Ground Information .....................................................7
1.2.2.1 Reconnaissance .............................................8
1.2.2.2 Surveys ..........................................................8
1.3 Design Approaches ....................................................................9
1.3.1 Workflow Design ..........................................................9
1.3.2 Schematic Design .......................................................10
1.4 Scheduling and Cost Estimating .............................................11
1.4.1 General Steps in Geomatics Projects .........................11
1.4.1.1 Steps in a GNSS Control Survey Project ....12
1.4.1.2 Steps in a Topographic Mapping Project ....13
1.4.1.3 Steps in a Boundary Survey Project ...........14
1.4.1.4 Steps in a GIS Project .................................14
1.4.1.5 Steps in Aerial Survey/Mapping Project ....15
1.4.2 Project Scheduling .....................................................15
1.4.3 Cost Estimating Principles .........................................16
1.5 Writing Proposals ....................................................................18
Bibliography .......................................................................................19
Exercises .............................................................................................20
v
vi Contents
PART II Contemporary Issues
Chapter 2 Standards and Specifications ..............................................................25
2.1 Definitions ...............................................................................25
2.2 Application Modes of a Standard ............................................25
2.3 Units of Measure .....................................................................26
2.3.1 Metric Scales ..............................................................28
2.3.2 Conversion Factors ....................................................28
2.3.3 Mapping Scales ..........................................................28
2.4 Accuracy versus Precision .......................................................28
2.4.1 GNSS Accuracy Measures .........................................29
2.4.2 Examples of 2D Accuracy Measures .........................31
2.4.3 3D Accuracy Measures ..............................................32
2.5 Equipment Specifications ........................................................32
2.6 Limits of Closure .....................................................................34
2.7 Least Squares Analysis ............................................................35
2.8 Mapping and GIS Standards ...................................................36
2.8.1 Map Scale ...................................................................36
2.8.1.1 How to Interpret Numerical Map Scales .......37
2.8.2 Map Resolution...........................................................37
2.8.3 Map Accuracy ............................................................38
2.9 Classical Surveying Standards ................................................40
2.10 GPS Surveying Standards .......................................................41
2.11 Other Standards .......................................................................44
Bibliography .......................................................................................45
Exercises .............................................................................................46
Chapter 3 Professional and Ethical Responsibilities ..........................................49
3.1 Know What You Do ................................................................49
3.1.1 Typical Work Activities ..............................................49
3.1.2 Work Conditions .........................................................50
3.1.3 Qualifications .............................................................51
3.2 Ethics and Professional Conduct .............................................51
3.2.1 Principles ....................................................................51
3.2.2 Rule Ethics and Social Contract Ethics .....................53
3.2.3 FIG Model ..................................................................54
3.3 Individual and Team Responsibilities .....................................56
3.3.1 Regarding Your Work.................................................56
3.3.2 Regarding Your Boss ..................................................56
3.3.3 Regarding Associates and Colleagues .......................56
3.3.4 Communicating Your Ideas ........................................57
3.3.5 Staying Technically Competent .................................57
3.3.6 Managing Your Time .................................................58
Bibliography .......................................................................................59
Exercises .............................................................................................60
Contents vii
Chapter 4 Policy, Social, and Environmental Issues ..........................................61
4.1 Policy Issues ............................................................................61
4.1.1 Professional Qualifications .........................................61
4.1.2 Access to Public Information and Records ................61
4.1.3 Mandatory Filing Requirements and Fees .................62
4.1.4 Best Practice Guidelines, Rules, and Procedures ......63
4.1.5 Land (Development) Policies .....................................70
4.1.5.1 Local Land Use Regulations ......................71
4.1.6 Environmental Policy and Regulations ......................72
4.1.6.1 Example 1: Environmental Land Use
Restrictions .................................................72
4.1.6.2 Example 2: Specially Protected Areas .......72
4.2 Social and Global Issues ..........................................................73
4.2.1 Project Stakeholders ...................................................74
4.2.2 Bureaucracy and Ethical Considerations ...................75
4.2.3 Worldwide Land Registration Systems ......................75
4.3 Environmental Issues ..............................................................76
4.3.1 Sustainable Development ...........................................76
4.3.2 Environmental Impact ................................................77
4.3.3 Green Design ..............................................................78
4.3.4 Case Examples ...........................................................79
Bibliography .......................................................................................82
Exercises .............................................................................................83
PART III Planning and Design
Chapter 5 Boundary Surveys ..............................................................................89
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................89
5.2 How Are Boundary Lines Established? ..................................89
5.3 Boundary Types and Boundary Markers ................................90
5.4 Boundary Survey Design and Procedures ...............................91
5.4.1 Information Gathering ...............................................91
5.4.1.1 Encroachments and Gaps ...........................92
5.4.1.2 Research of Land Records ..........................92
5.4.1.3 Title Search .................................................93
5.4.1.4 Adjoining Property .....................................93
5.4.2 Analysis of Information .............................................93
5.4.2.1 Monuments .................................................94
5.4.2.2 Discrepancies ..............................................94
5.4.2.3 Fieldwork Preparation .................................94
5.4.3 Boundary Survey ........................................................95
5.4.3.1 Fieldwork ....................................................95
5.4.3.2 Office Work ................................................97
viii Contents
5.5 Legal Considerations in Boundary Determination .................97
5.5.1 Conflicting Title Elements ..........................................98
Bibliography .......................................................................................99
Exercises ...........................................................................................100
Chapter 6 Control Surveys ................................................................................101
6.1 General Considerations .........................................................101
6.1.1 Project Scope and Requirements ..............................101
6.1.1.1 Number and Physical Location of
Project Points ............................................101
6.1.1.2 The Layout of Project Area ......................101
6.1.1.3 Accuracy and Datum of Control ...............102
6.2 GNSS Control Surveys ..........................................................102
6.2.1 Individual Site Considerations .................................102
6.2.2 Continuously Operating GNSS Networks ................103
6.2.2.1 GNSS Processing Using Online Services .....105
6.3 Typical Workflow of a GNSS Project ....................................107
6.3.1 Station Recon ...........................................................107
6.3.2 Existing Control .......................................................108
6.3.3 Equipment Inventory ................................................108
6.3.4 Field Data Sheets ......................................................108
6.3.5 Training and Management .......................................109
6.3.6 Evaluate Site Characteristics ....................................109
6.3.7 Determine When Difficult Monuments
Must Be Visited ........................................................109
6.3.8 Coordinate and Supervise ........................................109
6.3.9 Work Up Detailed Observation Plans ......................110
6.3.10 Control Network Optimization ................................110
6.4 Designing a GNSS Survey Network ......................................111
6.4.1 Standards and Design Criteria .................................111
6.4.2 Station Locations, Distribution, and Access ............112
6.4.3 Plan of Project Points ...............................................113
6.4.4 Design by Least Squares and Simulation .................114
6.4.4.1 Computation of GDOP and Its Effect
on the Position Results ..............................116
6.4.4.2 Use of Predicted GDOP Maps ..................117
6.4.4.3 Network Design Terminology ..................117
6.4.4.4 Summary of Procedures for Design by
Simulation .................................................118
6.5 GNSS Observation Planning and Optimization ....................118
6.5.1 Forming GNSS Baselines and Loops .......................118
6.5.2 Finding the Number of GNSS Sessions ...................119
6.5.3 GNSS Optimization .................................................121
6.5.3.1 How Are the Elements of the Cost
Matrix in Table 6.4 Interpreted? ...............127
Contents ix
6.5.3.2 Calculating the Optimal Session Schedule .......128
Bibliography .....................................................................................128
Exercises ...........................................................................................129
Chapter 7 Topographic Surveys ........................................................................133
7.1 General Considerations .........................................................133
7.1.1 Project Scope and Requirements ..............................133
7.1.1.1 Sample Topographic Survey Request .......134
7.1.2 Other General Considerations ..................................134
7.1.2.1 Topographic Survey Planning Checklist .....134
7.1.2.2 Rights-of-Entry .........................................136
7.1.2.3 Sources of Existing Data ..........................136
7.2 Project Control for Topographic Surveys ..............................136
7.2.1 Establishing Control at a Project Site .......................138
7.2.2 Project Control Densification Methods ....................139
7.2.3 Extending Control from a Local Project or Network ....140
7.2.4 Extending Control from a Distant Network .............140
7.2.4.1 Using Online GNSS Processing
Services .....................................................141
7.2.5 Approximate Control for an Isolated Project ...........141
7.3 Map Scale and Contour Interval ............................................143
Bibliography .....................................................................................145
Exercises ...........................................................................................146
Chapter 8 GIS Application ................................................................................149
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................149
8.2 General Considerations .........................................................150
8.2.1 Data Requirements ...................................................150
8.2.2 Level of Accuracy ....................................................150
8.2.3 Existing Information ................................................152
8.3 System Design Process ..........................................................155
8.3.1 Selecting a GIS System ............................................155
8.3.2 Designing a GIS System ...........................................156
8.4 Input Data from Fieldwork ....................................................157
8.4.1 Utilizing GNSS for Fieldwork ..................................157
8.4.1.1 Why Use GNSS? .......................................157
8.4.1.2 Defining Data Collection Goals and
Objectives .................................................159
8.4.2 Basic Data Dictionary Concepts ..............................159
8.4.3 Other Methods ..........................................................161
8.4.3.1 Using Maps to Approximate Coordinates ....161
8.4.3.2 Traditional Surveying ...............................163
8.4.3.3 Digitizing Coordinates..............................164
8.4.3.4 Address Geocoding ..................................164
x Contents
8.5 Other Sources of GIS Data ....................................................164
8.5.1 Augmented Reality Informatics ...............................165
8.5.2 Remote Sensing and Earth Observation Services ....165
8.5.3 AI and Big Data ........................................................165
Bibliography .....................................................................................167
Exercises ...........................................................................................168
Chapter 9 Unmanned Aerial Systems Surveys/Mapping .................................169
9.1 Introduction ...........................................................................169
9.2 General Considerations .........................................................169
9.2.1 UAS Laws .................................................................169
9.2.2 Project Scale and Location .......................................170
9.2.3 Mission Planning and Flight Considerations ...........173
9.2.4 Ground Control Points .............................................176
9.2.5 Post-Flight Processing ..............................................177
9.2.6 Deliverables ..............................................................178
9.3 Standard UAS Operating Procedures ....................................178
9.3.1 Pre-Flight Operations ...............................................178
9.3.2 During Flight Operations .........................................180
9.3.3 Post-Flight Operations ..............................................181
9.3.4 Emergency Procedures .............................................181
9.3.5 Incident Reporting ....................................................182
Bibliography .....................................................................................182
Exercises ...........................................................................................182
Chapter 10 Engineering and Mining Surveys.....................................................185
10.1 Introduction ...........................................................................185
10.2 General Considerations .........................................................185
10.2.1 Fundamental Principles and Concepts .....................185
10.2.2 Common Instruments and Accessories ....................186
10.2.3 Exposition Using a Case Study on Tunnel Surveys .......188
10.3 Transferring Controls ............................................................190
10.4 Considerations for Setting Out and Deformation Monitoring ....191
10.5 Mining Surveys .....................................................................192
10.5.1 The Future of Mining Surveys .................................192
10.5.2 Classical and Emerging Features of
Mining Surveys ........................................................193
10.5.3 Policy, Legal and Regulatory Aspects in
Mining Surveys ........................................................195
Bibliography .....................................................................................197
Exercises ...........................................................................................197