Progress in Nanophotonics 1 PDF
Preview Progress in Nanophotonics 1
nano-optics and nanophotonics • nano-optics and nanophotonics TheSpringerSeries inNano-OpticsandNanophotonicsprovides anex•pandingselectionofresearch monographsintheareaofnano-opticsandnanophotonics,science-andtechnology-basedonoptical interactions of matter in the nanoscale and related topics of contemporary interest. With this broad coverageoftopics,theseriesisofusetoallresearchscientists,engineersandgraduatestudentswho needup-to-datereferencebooks.Theeditorsencourageprospectiveauthorstocorrespondwiththemin advanceofsubmittingamanuscript.Submissionofmanuscriptsshouldbemadetotheeditor-in-chief, oneoftheeditorsortoSpringer. Editor-in-Chief MotoichiOhtsu Graduate School of Engineering The Univeristy of Tokyo 2-11-16 Yayoi,Bunkyo-ku, Toky0 113-8656,Japan E-mail:[email protected] EditorialBoard GunnarBjo¨rk LihY.Lin DepartmentofElectronics ElectricalEngineeringDepartment KTHElectrum229 UniversityofWashington 16440Kista,Sweden M414EE1Bldg.,Box352500 E-mail:[email protected] Seattle,WA98195-2500,USA E-mail:[email protected] ChennupatiJagadish Department ErichRunge ofElectronicMaterialsEngineering TechnischeUniversita¨tIlmenau ResearchSchoolofPhysicsandEngineering Curiebau,WeimarerStr.25 AustralianNationalUniversity 98693Ilmenau,Germany ACT0200,Australia E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] FrankTra¨ger ChristophLienau Universita¨tKassel,ExperimentalphysikI Institutfu¨rPhysik,Fakulta¨tV Heinrich-Plett-Str.40,34132Kassel,Germany CarlvonOssietzkyUniversita¨tOldenburg E-mail:[email protected] Ammerla¨nderHeerstraße114–118 MasaruTsukada 26129Oldenburg,Germany E-mail:[email protected] TohokuUniversity,WPI-AIMRCenter 2-1-1Katahira,Aoba-ku,Sendai,980-8577Japan E-mail:[email protected] PleaseviewavailabletitlesinNano-OpticsandNanophotonics onserieshomepagehttp://www.springer.com/series/8765 Motoichi Ohtsu Editor • Progress in Nanophotonics 1 With 184 Figures 123 Editor MotoichiOhtsu Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo • 2-11-16 Yayoi,Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656,Japan [email protected] Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics ISSN2192-1970 e-ISSN2192-1989 ISBN978-3-642-17480-3 e-ISBN978-3-642-17481-0 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-17481-0 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2011934022 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublicationor partsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,in itscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliableto prosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Cover design:eStudio Calamar Steinen Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.spinger.com) Preface to Progress in Nanophotonics Asthefirstexample,recentadvancesinphotonicsystemsdemanddrasticincreases inthedegreeofintegrationofphotonicdevicesforlarge-capacity,ultrahigh-speed signaltransmissionandinformationprocessing.Devicesizehastobescaleddown tonanometricdimensionstomeetthisrequirement,whichwillbecomeevenmore strict in the future. As the second example, photonic fabrication systems demand drastic decreases in the size of the fabricated patterns for assembling ultra-large- scale integrated circuits. These requirements cannot be met even if the sizes of the materials are decreased by advanced methods based on nanotechnology. It is essentialto decreasethe size ofthe electromagneticfield usedas a carrierforsig- nal transmission, processing, and fabrication. Such a decrease in the size of the electromagnetic field beyond the diffraction limit of the propagating field can be realized in opticalnear fields. Nanophotonics,a novelopticaltechnologythat uti- lizes the optical near field, was proposed by Ohtsu (the editor of this monograph series)in1993tomeettheserequirements.However,itshouldbenotedthatthetrue nature of nanophotonics involves not only its ability to meet the above require- ments, but also its ability to realize qualitative innovations in photonic devices, fabricationtechniques, energyconversion,and informationprocessing systems by utilizingnovelfunctionsandphenomenamadepossiblebyopticalnear-fieldinter- actions, which are otherwise impossible as long as conventionalpropagatinglight isused.Basedoninterdisciplinarystudiesoncondensed-matterphysics,opticalsci- ence, and quantum field theory, nano-materials and optical energy transfer in the nanometricregimehavebeenextensivelystudiedinthelasttwodecades.Through thesestudies,noveltheoriesonopticalnearfieldshavebeendeveloped,andavariety ofnovelphenomenahavebeenfound.Theresultsofthisbasicresearchhavebeen appliedtodevelopnanometer-sizedphotonicdevices,nanometer-resolutionfabrica- tion,highlyefficientenergyconversion,andnovelinformationprocessing,resulting inqualitativeinnovations.Furtheradvancementintheseareasisexpectedtoestab- lishnovelopticalsciencesinthenanometricspace,whichcanbeappliedtofurther progressinnanophotonicstosupportthesustainabledevelopmentofpeoples’lives allovertheworld.ThisuniquemonographseriesentitledProgressinNanophoton- icsintheSpringerSeriesinNano-opticsandNanophotonicsisbeingintroducedto reviewtheresultsofadvancedstudiesinthefieldofnanophotonicsandcoversthe mostrecenttopicsoftheoreticalandexperimentalinterestinrelevantfields,suchas v vi PrefacetoProgressinNanophotonics classicalandquantumopticalsciences,nanometer-sizedcondensedmatterphysics, devices, fabrication techniques, energy conversion, information processing, archi- tectures,andalgorithms.Eachchapteriswrittenbyleadingscientistsintherelevant field. Thus, this monograph series will provide high-quality scientific and techni- calinformationto scientists, engineers,and studentswho are andwill be engaged innanophotonicsresearch.Ascomparedwiththepreviousmonographseriesenti- tled Progress in Nano-Electro-Optics (edited by Ohtsu, published in the Springer Series in Optical Science), this monograph series deals not only with optical sci- ence on the nanometerscale, butalso its applicationsto technology.I am grateful toDrAscheronofSpringer-Verlagforhisguidanceandsuggestionsthroughoutthe preparationofthismonographseries. Tokyo MotoichiOhtsu January2011 Preface This volume contains six review articles focusing on variousbut mutually related topics in nanophotonics written by the world’s leading scientists. Chapter 1 describes the concept of the dressed photon and its applications to qualitatively innovativeopticaldevices,fabricationtechniques,energyconversion,andsystems. Chapter 2 is devoted to describing basic concepts necessary for two-dimensional parallel processing of light–matter interactions on the nanometer scale to realize probe-freenanophotonicsystems.Additionally,theconceptsandsomedemonstra- tions of the hierarchy inherent in nanophotonics, based on the hierarchy between optical near- and far-fields, are describedas practicalapplicationsof opticalnear- field interactions. Chapter 3 describes self-organized fabrication of composite semiconductor quantum dots, which can be exploited for size- and position- controlled quantum dots for novel nanophotonic devices. Chapter 4 is devoted to near-field spectroscopy of metallic nanostructures, particularly visualization of plasmon wave functions and optical fields using near-field methods. Chapter 5 concerns simple experimentalapproachesfor constructing metallic nanoarrayson asolidsurfaceforapplicationstominiaturizedopticaldevices,sensors,andsingle- moleculedetection.Fortheseapplications,theauthordescribesauniqueapproach forfabricatingone-dimensionalmetalnanoparticlearraysonsurfacesbyapplying highly aligned DNA molecules or nanofibers on a surface as a template. The last chapter, Chap. 6, describes chemical preparation of metal nanoparticles and their assemblyformationprocesses.Variousmetalandsemiconductornanoparticlesare studiedaccordingtotheiruniquepropertiescontrolledbytheirsizes.Thisvolumeis publishedwiththesupportofProf.YatsuioftheUniversityofTokyo,anAssociate Editor. I hope that this volume will be a valuable resource for readers and future specialistsinnanophotonics. Tokyo MotoichiOhtsu January2011 vii • Contents 1 Nanophotonics: Dressed Photon Technology forQualitativelyInnovativeOpticalDevices,Fabrication, andSystems..................................................................... 1 MotoichiOhtsu 1.1 Introduction.............................................................. 1 1.2 BackgroundandPrinciples.............................................. 2 1.3 FiberProbes,SensingSystems,and1Tbin.(cid:2)2-Density MagneticStorageSystems.............................................. 6 1.4 NanophotonicDevices .................................................. 9 1.4.1 BasicDevices.................................................... 9 1.4.2 InputandOutputTerminals..................................... 17 1.4.3 UniqueFeaturesandApplicationtoInformation ProcessingSystems ............................................. 20 1.5 NanophotonicFabrication............................................... 24 1.5.1 PhotochemicalVaporDeposition............................... 24 1.5.2 Photolithography................................................ 28 1.5.3 Self-OrganizedSmoothing...................................... 35 1.6 NanophotonicEnergyConversion...................................... 44 1.6.1 Optical/OpticalEnergyUp-Conversion........................ 44 1.6.2 Optical/ElectricalEnergyUp-Conversion...................... 48 1.7 NanophotonicSystemsandTheirEvolutiontoRelatedSciences..... 53 1.8 Summary................................................................. 54 References....................................................................... 55 2 Probe-FreeNanophotonicSystems: Macro-ScaleApplicationsBasedonNanophotonics....................... 59 NaoyaTate,MakotoNaruse,andMotoichiOhtsu 2.1 Introduction.............................................................. 59 2.2 Probe-FreeNanophotonicSystems..................................... 61 ix
The list of books you might like
