Progress in Botany

432 Pages·1989·28.582 MB·English-German

by  Prof. Dr. Hans R. Hohl (auth.), Professor Dr. H.-Dietmar Behnke, Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Karl Esser, Professor Dr. Klaus Kubitzki, Professor Dr. Michael Runge, Professor Dr. Hubert Ziegler (eds.)

Progress in BotanyI Fortschritte der Botanik 51
Progress
51
in Botany
Structural Botany Physiology
Genetics Taxonomy Geobotany
Fortschritte der Botanik
Struktur Physiologie Genetik
Systematik Geobotanik
Editors
H.-Dietmar Behnke, Heidelberg
Karl Esser, Bochum
Klaus Kubitzki, Hamburg
Michael Runge, Gottingen
Hubert Ziegler, Miinchen
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
With 28 Figures
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75156-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75154-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-75154-7
This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro
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der the provision of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright
fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1989 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 33-15850.
Sotlcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989
The use of registeted names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific state
ment, that such names are exempt from relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
213113145-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper
Contents
A. Structural Botany
I. Cytology and Morphogenesis of Fungal Cells
By Hans R. Hohl
1. Books and Reviews . 1
2. Techniques .... 1
3. Cytoplasmic Structure 2
a) Plasma Membrane 2
b) Endomembrane System 3
c) Cytoskeleton 4
4. Walls ....... . 5
5. Hyphal Tip Growth . . . 6
6. Spores and Spore Development 7
a) Zoospores and Gametes . . 7
b) Endospores of Zygomycetes 9
c) Conidia 9
d) Oospores 10
e) Zygospores 10
f) Basidiospores 11
7. Adhesion and Fungal Surfaces 11
8. Symbiosis and Parasitism 13
a) Appressoria Formation 13
b) Mycorrhizae 14
c) Lichens 15
References .... 15
ll. Cytosymbiosis
By Paul Hansmann, Martina Maerz, and Peter Sitte
1. Introduction . . . . . . . 21
2. Prokaryotes as Cytosymbionts ...... 22
a) Rhizobial Bacteria . .. ...... 22
a) The Microsymbiont: Rhizobial Bacteria 22
pn> The Macrosymbiont: Legumes 28
Establishment, Maintenance and Sene scene of Symbiosis 30
b) Agrobacterium .................. 33
VI Contents
3. Eukaryotic Endocytobionts . . . . . . . 33
4. Special Forms of Cytosymbiosis . . . . . 39
a) Nuclear Transfer by Parasitic Red Algae 39
b) Chloroplast Cytosymbiosis 40
References .............. . 41
III. Cuticular Surfaces in Plants
By Wilhelm Barthlott
1. Introduction and Methodological Aspects 48
2. Structure and Function of Cuticular Surfaces . . 48
3. Application of Cuticular Characters in Taxonomy 50
References ................ . 51
IV. A Dynamic Multidisciplinary Approach to Floral Morphology
By Rolf Rutishauser
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2. The Transition to Flowering: Internal Control 54
a) From Induction to Floral Initiation 54
b) The Internal Control of Floral Organogenesis 55
3. Sex Expression and Heterostyly . . 56
a) Internal Control of Sex Expression 56
b) Temporal Dioecy ("Sex Choice") 57
c) Gynodioecy ....... . 57
d) Andromonoecy, Gynomonoecy, and Multiple Sex Expression 58
e) Heterostyly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4. Limitations of the Developmental Approach to Floral Morphology 59
5. Developmental Mutants and the Concepts of Home os is and Heterochrony . 60
6. Primitive Angiosperms and the Origin of the Flowering Plants 63
7. Final Comments 64
References 65
B. Physiology
I. Cell Electrophysiology and Membrane Transport
By Friedrich-Wilhelm Bentrup
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2. Pumps and Channels in the Tonoplast 71
3. Potassium Channels in the Plasmalemma 73
4. Potassium Channels in the Plasmalemma of Higher Plants 74
5. Action Potentials . . . . . . 75
6. Cytosolic Ca2+, pH and Auxin . 76
7. Coupled Transport of K + and H+ 76
References ......... . 77
Contents vn
II. Phloem Transport
By Walter Eschrich and Berthilde Eschrich
1. Introductory Considerations 80
2. Allocation of Photoassimilates 81
3. Phloem Loading .... . 82
4. Phloem Unloading ... . 85
5. Action Potentials and Ion Displacements in Sieve Tubes 86
6. Methods and Techniques 87
References ................... . 88
III. Mineral Nutrition: Divalent Cations, Transport and Compartmentation
By DavidT. Clarkson and Ulrich LUttge
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2. The External Solution and the Apoplast 94
3. Uptake and Translocation 96
a) Metabolic Dependence .... . 96
b) Carriers and Channels .... . 98
a) General Model for Carrier-Mediated Transport 98
f3> Channel Conductance of Divalent Cations 99
J1 Dual Carrier Mechanisms 99
8) Carrier Affinity Measurements 100
e) Competition Between Ions 101
c) Efflux Across the Plasma Membrane 102
d) Sequestration in Cellular Compartments 103
e) Transport in the Whole Plant . . . 104
4. Complex Formation - Binding Peptides 105
a) Complex Formation .... . 105
b) Binding Peptides ..... . 106
5. Regulatory Roles for Zn2+ and Mn2+ 107
6. Conclusion 108
References ........... . 109
IV. Secondary Plant Substances. Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids
By Horst-Robert SchUtte
1. Introduction . . . . 113
2. Reticuline .... 114
3. Morphinan Alkaloids 118
4. Protoberberine Alkaloids 121
5. Protopines ..... 125
6. Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids 127
7. Bisbenzylisoquinolines 128
8. Cularines . 129
9. Colchicine 130
References 131
vrn Contents
V. Growth
By Giinther Sembdner, Gabriele Herrmann, and Willibald Schliemann
1. General Reviews . . . . 134
2. Gibberellins . . . . . . 134
a) Chemistry and Analysis 134
b) Occurrence . . . . . 136
c) Biosynthesis and Metabolism 137
a) Enzymic Studies 137
fJn) Metabolic Studies . . . 138
Gibberellin Biosynthesis Inhibitors 139
d) Physiological Effects and Modes of Action 140
a) Physiological Aspects . . . . . . . 140
fJn) Modes of Action . . . . . . . . . 141
Gibberellin Transport and Binding Proteins 143
8) Mutant Research . . . . . 143
3. Cytokinins ......... . 145
a) Syntheses and Analytical Methods 145
b) Biosynthesis and Metabolism 147
c) Occurrence and Physiological Roles 149
d) Modes of Action 152
4. Jasmonic Acid . . . . . . . 153
a) Occurrence, Syntheses 153
b) Biosynthesis and Metabolism 155
c) Physiological Activity, Mode of Action 156
References ............. . 157
VI. Plant Movements and the Cytoskeleton
By Wolfgang Hensel
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
2. Case-Study 1: The Chloroplast Movement in M ougeotia 165
3. Case-Study 2: Movement of Pulvinated Leaves 166
4. Gravitropism of Higher Plants .... 166
a) Interference of Cytoplasmic Streaming . . 166
b) Interference of the Ground Cytoplasm 167
c) Interference of the Cortical Cytoplasm . . 169
5. Case-Study 3 and Some Model Considerations - Root Cap Statocytes 170
a) The Function of the Cytoskeleton is to Generate and Maintain Cell
Polarity ....................... 170
b) The function of the Cortical Cytoskeleton is to Maintain Domains of
Ion Pumps/Channels and/or Hormone Receptors/Channels in the
Plasma Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
c) The function of a Cortical Cytoplasm in Stimulus-Transduction 170
References ........................ 171
Contents IX
c.
Genetics
I. Replication
By Walter Nagl
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 173
2. Replication Origins and Initiation 173
3. DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle 175
4. Differential DNA Replication 176
References ........... . 179
ll. Recombination in Sexually Propagated Higher Plants
By Wolfgang Friedt and Renate Kaiser
1. Introduction 181
2. Cytogenetic Methods for Gene Localization 181
a) New Aneuploids for Gene Localization 181
a) Monosomics and Mechanisms of Monosomic Formation 181
p> Trisomics and Telotrisomics 182
b) Gene Localization with Aneuploids 182
a) Monosomic and Telosomic Analysis in Wheat 182
p> Trisomic Analysis in Barley and Rye 184
c) Gene Localization with Structural Chromosomal Variants 185
a) Translocation Tester Sets 185
p> Deletion 186
d) Gene Localization with Alien Additions and Substitutions 186
a) Addition Lines 186
p> Substitution Lines 186
3. Genetic Marker Analyses 187
a) Morphological Markers and Resistance Genes 187
b) Biochemical Markers for Linkage Analysis 187
a) Cereals and Grasses 187
p> Other Species 189
c) RFLPs as Molecular Markers 190
d) Construction and Completion of Genetic Linkage Maps 194
4. New Approaches to Interspecific Hybridization 194
a) Recently Established Sexual Interspecific Hybrids 194
b) Application of Embryo Rescue in Vitro 195
c) Cytogenetics 196
a) Poaceae 196
p> Other Species 197
d) Improvement of Resistances 197
x Contents
5. Intergeneric Hybridization ....... . . 198
a) Crosses to Create Novel Intergeneric Hybrids 198
a) Triticum x Other Species . . . . . . . 198
p> Other Species .......... . 198
b) Chromosome Pairing, Recombination and Hybrid Performance 199
c) Chromosome or Gene Transfer Between Genera 202
6. Conclusions 202
References ................. . 203
III. Mutation: Higher Plants
By Werner Gottschalk
1. Methodological Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
2. Environmental Mutagenesis .............. 208
3. Antimutagenic Plant Substances and Protecting Effects Against
Mutagens . . . . . . . . . . . 210
4. Gene Mutations ........ 210
a) Meiotic Mutants in Higher Plants 211
b) Mutants of Agronomic Interest 212
c) Somac1onal Variation 213
5. Chromosome Mutations 214
6. Genome Mutations 215
a) Haploids . . . . . 215
b) Autopolyploids 216
a) Natural Autopolyploids 216
p> Experimentally Produced Autopolyploids 217
c) Allopolyploids ........... 217
a) Natural Allopolyploids . . . . . . . 217
P>
Experimentally Produced Allopolyploids 218
d) Somatic Hybridization 219
e) Aneuploids 220
References ........ 221
IV. Function of Genetic Material. Structure and Function
of Regulatory Sequences
By Rolf Blaich
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
2. Prerequisites for the Study of Gene Regulation 226
a) Transgenic Plants .... . 226
b) Reporter Genes ..... . 227
c) Source Specificity of Promoters 228
3. Light Regulation of Genes 228
4. Control Structures of Stress Inducible Genes 230
a) Phenol Metabolism ....... . 230
b) Wound-Inducible Proteins . . . . . . 231
c) Induction by Heat Shock and Other Factors 231
Contents XI
5. Induction of Enzymes by Anaerobiosis 232
6. Control of Gene Activity in Seeds or Tubers 232
7. Nodulin Genes 233
References 234
V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Plastid Genetics
By Rudolf Hagemann, Monika M. Hagemann, and Michael Metzlaff
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
2. Newly Identified Active Genes in Plastid DNAs (=ptDNAs) . . . . 237
3. Transsplicing of Plastid mRNAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4. Operons in Plastid DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
5. The Use of Plastid DNA Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
for Phylogenetic Studies . . . . 243
6. Direct Gene Transfer into Plastids 247
7. Outlook 248
References 248
VI. Population Genetics
By Klaus Wohrmann
1. Sexual Selection 251
a) Prepollination Events . 252
b) Postpollination Events 253
c) Fruit and Seed Abortion 254
d) Selection Arenas 254
2. The Evolution of Sex 255
3. Population Structure and Gene Flow 256
References ........... . 259
D. Taxonomy
I. Palaeobotany
By Else Marie Friis
1. General ... 262
a) Textbooks 262
b) Taxonomy 263
c) Phylogeny and Classification 264
2. Systematic Descriptions 265
a) Fungi ....... . 265
b) Early Land Plants 265
c) Lycopsids and Sphenopsids 266
d) Ferns ..... .' 267
e) Progymnosperms 269
t) Unassigned Seeds 269