Progress in Atomic Spectroscopy Part C

645 Pages·1984·11.077 MB·English

by  R. M. Sternheimer (auth.), H. J. Beyer, Hans Kleinpoppen (eds.)

Progress in Atomic
Spectroscopy
Parte
PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Series Editors
P. G. Burke, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland
H. K1einpoppen, Atomic Physics Laboratory, University of Stirling, Selotland
Editorial Advisory Board
R. B. Bernstein (New York, U.S.A.) C. J. Joachain (Brussels, Belgium)
J. C. Cohen-Tannoudji (Paris, France) W. E. Lamb, Jr. (Tucson, U.S.A.)
R. W. Crompton (Canberra, Australia) P.·O. LOwdin (Gainesville, U.S.A.)
J. N. Dodd (Dunedin, New Zealand) H. O. Lutz (Bielefeld, Germany)
G. F. Drukarev (Leningrad, U.S.S.R.) M. R. C. McDowell (London, U.K.)
W. Hanle (Giessen, Germany) K. Takayanagi (Tokyo, Japan)
ELECTRON AND PHOTON INTERACTIONS WITH ATOMS
Edited by H. K1einpoppen and M. R. C. McDowell
PROGRESS IN ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY, Parts A and B
Edited by W. Hanle and H. K1einpoppen
ATOM-MOLECULE COLLISION THEORY: A Guide for the Experimentalist
Edited by Richard B. Bernstein
COHERENCE AND CORRELATION IN ATOMIC COLLISIONS
Edited by H. K1einpoppen and J. F. Williams
VARIATIONAL METHODS IN ELECTRON-ATOM SCATIERING THEORY
R. K. Nesbet
DENSITY MATRIX THEORY AND APPLICATIONS
Karl Blum
INNER·SHELL AND X·RAY PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND SOLIDS
Edited by Derek J. Fabian, Hans Kleinpoppen, and Lewis M. Watson
INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY OF LASER-ATOM INTERACTIONS
Marvin H. Mittleman
ATOMS IN ASTROPHYSICS
Edited by P. G. Burke, W. B. Eissner, D. G. Hummer, and I. C. Percival
ELECTRON-ATOM AND ELECTRON-MOLECULE COLLISIONS
Edited by Juergen Hinze
PROGRESS IN ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY, Part C
Edited by H. J. Beyer and Hans K1einpoppen
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of
each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment.
For further information please contact the publisher.
Progress in Atomic
Spectroscopy
Parte
Edited by
HJ Beyer
and
Hans Kleinpoppen
University of Stirling
Stirling. United Kingdom
Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Progress in atomic spectroscopy.
(Physics of atoms and molecules.)
Part C-edited by H. J. Beyer and Hans Kleinpoppen.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
1. Atomic spectra. I. Hanle, Wilhelm, 1901- . II. Kleinpoppen, Hans. III.
Beyer, H. J.
QC454.A8P76 1983 539.7 78-18230
ISBN 978-1-4612-9651-5 ISBN 978-1-4613-2647-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4613-2647-2
© 1984 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1984
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
To Wilhelm Haole
Professor Wilhelm Haole
Contents of Part C
Contents of Part A xv
Contents of Part B ........... . xxiii
Introduction by H. 1. Beyer and H. Kleinpoppen xxxi
Chapter 1
The k Ordering of Atomic Structure
R. M. Sternheimer
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. The Limiting Ionicity 8) and the Limiting Angular Momentum I) . . . . . . 5
3. The k Ordering of Atomic Energy Levels and its Relation to the Fine-Structure
Inversion in Atomic and Ionic Spectra ................. 10
4. The k Ordering of Atomic Energy Levels and its Relation to the Spectroscopic
Quantum Defects .......... 15
5. k-Symmetry Breaking in Atomic Spectra 20
6. Conclusions 23
References and Notes 26
Chapter 2
Multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock Calculations for Complex Atoms
Charlotte Froese Fischer
1. Introduction . . . . . 29
1.1. The Hartree-Fock Approximation 29
1.2. Brillouin's Theorem ..... . 30
1.3. LS Dependence . . . . . . 31
2. Correlation and the MCHF Approximation 32
2.1. The MCHF Method ...... . 33
2.2. Zero-and First-Order Sets 33
2.3. Brillouin's Theorem and Interaction with Series 34
2.4. Unconstrained Orbitals 36
2.5. Reduced Forms 37
3. Excited States 39
4. Transition Metals 40
5. Relativistic Corrections 44
vii
viii Contents of Part C
6. Transition Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.1. A First-Order Theory for Oscillator Strengths 48
6.2. Core Polarization and Ionization Energies 49
6.3. f Value Trends 51
6.4. Relativistic Effects 54
References . . . . . . 55
Chapter 3
New Methods in High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy
B. Couillaud and A. Ducasse
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2. New Sources in High-Resolution Spectroscopy and Their Frequency
Calibration ...... 59
2.1. The Ring Laser 59
2.2. Mode-Locked Lasers 63
2.3. Color Center Lasers 65
2.4. Precise Wavelength Calibration for Tunable Lasers 68
3. Frequency Doubling and Sum Frequency Mixing for High-Resolution
Spectroscopy in the Near uv . . . . . . 72
3.1. Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.2. Sum Frequency Mixing (SFM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4. New High-Resolution Spectroscopy Techniques Using Single-Mode Lasers 82
4.1. New Techniques Improving the Resolution 83
4.2. New Techniques Improving the Sensitivity ....... 93
5. High-Resolution Spectroscopy with Short Light Pulses 101
5.1. Quantum Interference Effects in Two-Photon Spectroscopy 102
5.2. Saturated Absorption and Polarization Spectroscopy with a Coherent
Train of Short Light Pulses 108
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Chapter 4
Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy: Inert Atom Detection
C. H. Chen, G. S. Hurst, and M. G. Payne
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2. Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . 116
3. RIS on Rare Gas Atoms, Including Various Laser Schemes 121
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.2. Two-Photon Excitation of Inert Gases with Broad Bandwidth Lasers 121
3.3. RIS Schemes for Ar, Kr, and Xe 125
3.4. Effective Volume for Ionization 128
4. RIS Experiments with Xe Atoms . . 132
5. On the Realization of Maxwell's Sorting Demon 138
6. Applications . . . . . . 143
6.1. Baryon Conservation 143
6.2. Solar Neutrino Flux 144
6.3. (3-(3-Decay 145
6.4. Oceanic Circulation 146
ix
Contents of Part C
6.5. Polar Ice Caps and Old Aquifers . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.6. Waste Isolation and Pu in Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.7. Diagnosis of Bone Diseases and Fast Neutron Dosimetry 147
6.8. Conclusion 147
References and Notes ................. . 147
Chapter 5
Trapped Ion Spectroscopy
Gunther Werth
1. Introduction . 151
2. Storage ... 152
2.1. Penning Trap 152
2.2. rf Trap 153
2.3. Other Devices 156
2.4. Ion Creation and Detection 157
3. Optical Double Resonance Spectroscopy .,. 158
3.1. Continuous Broadband Light Source: 199Hg+ 160
3.2. Pulsed Laser Excitation: Ba+ ...... . 163
3.3. Ion Cooling: 25Mg+ .......... . 168
3.4. Possible Applications as Frequency Standards 170
4. Lifetime of Metastable States 171
5. Conclusion 174
References . . . . . . . . 174
Chapter 6
High-Magnetic-Field Atomic Physics
J. C. Gay
1. Introduction 177
1.1. Historical Survey ......... . 177
1.2. Outlook on the Production of High Fields 178
1.3. Other Sources of Magnetic Fields 178
1.4. Atomic Diamagnetism: A Cross-Disciplinary Problem with Wide
Implications in Physics 179
2. Contents of the Review . . . . 179
3. The Atom in a Magnetic Field 180
3.1. Hamiltonian and Symmetries 180
3.2. The Various Magnetic Regimes in Atomic Spectra 184
4. Applications of Zeeman Effect at Strong B Fields 185
4.1. High-Field Anticrossing Experiments . 185
4.2. Dynamics of Atom-Atom Interactions 195
5. Landau Regime for Loosely Bound Particles 205
5.1. Classical Mechanics Aspects . 206
5.2. Quantum Mechanical Aspects .... 206
5.3. Spin Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.4. Absorption and Emission of Radiation in the Landau Spectrum 208