Progress and new trends in 3D geoinformation sciences

315 Pages·2013·8.397 MB·English

by  Gavin Brown, Claus Nagel, Sisi Zlatanova (auth.), Jacynthe Pouliot, Sylvie Daniel, Frédéric Hubert, Alborz Zamyadi (eds.)

Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography
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Jacynthe Pouliot Sylvie Daniel
•
Frédéric Hubert Alborz Zamyadi
•
Editors
Progress and New Trends
in 3D Geoinformation
Sciences
123
Editors
Jacynthe Pouliot FrédéricHubert
Geomatics Geomatics
Université Laval Université Laval
Quebec,QC Quebec,QC
Canada Canada
Sylvie Daniel Alborz Zamyadi
Geomatics Geomatics
Université Laval Université Laval
Quebec,QC Quebec,QC
Canada Canada
ISSN 1863-2246 ISSN 1863-2351 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-642-29792-2 ISBN 978-3-642-29793-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-29793-9
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012945737
(cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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Contents
Modelling 3D Topographic Space Against Indoor
Navigation Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Gavin Brown, Claus Nagel, Sisi Zlatanova and Thomas H. Kolbe
Enhancing the Visibility of Labels in 3D Navigation Maps . . . . . . . . . 23
Mikael Vaaraniemi, Martin Freidank and Rüdiger Westermann
Semantic 3D Modeling of Multi-Utility Networks in Cities
for Analysis and 3D Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Thomas Becker, Claus Nagel and Thomas H. Kolbe
Generalization and Visualization of 3D Building Models
in CityGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Siddique Ullah Baig and Alias Abdul Rahman
From theVolumetric Algorithm for Single-TreeDelineation Towards
a Fully-Automated Process for the Generationof ‘‘VirtualForests’’. . . 79
Arno Buecken and Juergen Rossmann
A Service-Based Concept for Camera Control
in 3D Geovirtual Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Jan Klimke, Benjamin Hagedorn and Jürgen Döllner
Representing Three-Dimensional Topography in a DBMS
With a Star-Based Data Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Hugo Ledoux and Martijn Meijers
Can Topological Pre-Culling of Faces Improve Rendering
Performance of City Models in Google Earth?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Claire Ellul
v
vi Contents
On Problems and Benefits of 3D Topology on Under-Specified
Geometries in Geomorphology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Marc-O. Löwner
Geometric-Semantical Consistency Validation of CityGML Models. . . 171
Detlev Wagner, Mark Wewetzer, Jürgen Bogdahn, Nazmul Alam,
Margitta Pries and Volker Coors
Advancing DB4GeO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
M. Breunig, E. Butwilowski, D. Golovko, P. V. Kuper, M. Menninghaus
and A. Thomsen
Glob3 Mobile: An Open Source Framework for Designing Virtual
Globes on iOS and Android Mobile Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Agustín Trujillo, Jose Pablo Suárez, Manuel de la Calle, Diego Gómez,
Alfonso Pedriza and José Miguel Santana
(a, d)-Sleeves for Reconstruction of Rectilinear Building Facets . . . . . 231
Marc van Kreveld, Thijs van Lankveld and Maarten de Rie
A 3D-GIS Implementation for Realizing 3D Network Analysis
and Routing Simulation for Evacuation Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Umit Atila, Ismail Rakip Karas and Alias Abdul Rahman
A Three Step Procedure to Enrich Augmented Reality Games
with CityGML 3D Semantic Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Alborz Zamyadi, Jacynthe Pouliot and Yvan Bédard
Implementation of a National 3D Standard: Case
of the Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Jantien Stoter, Jacob Beetz, Hugo Ledoux, Marcel Reuvers,
Rick Klooster, Paul Janssen, Friso Penninga, Sisi Zlatanova
and Linda van den Brink
Open Building Models: Towards a Platform for Crowdsourcing
Virtual 3D Cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Matthias Uden and Alexander Zipf
Modelling 3D Topographic Space Against
Indoor Navigation Requirements
Gavin Brown, Claus Nagel, Sisi Zlatanova and Thomas H. Kolbe
Abstract Indoor navigation is growing rapidly with widespread developments in
thecollectionandprocessingofsensorinformationfor localisationandinrouting
algorithms calculating optimal indoor routes. However, there is a general lack of
understandingabouttherequirementsfortopographicspaceinformationtobeused
in indoor navigation applications and thus the suitability of existing information
sources. This work presents a structured process for the identification of topo-
graphicspaceinformationstartingwithusecasesthatsupportthecompletecapture
of requirements, thus allowing existing models to be evaluated against these
requirements and conceptual semantic and constraint models developed. A pro-
posal is put forward for the implementation of topographic space semantic and
constraintsmodelsasa CityGML Application DomainExtension (ADE) that will
be integrated into the Multilayered Space-Event Model (MLSEM), a flexible
framework supporting all indoor navigation tasks.
Keywords Indoornavigation(cid:2)Topographicspace(cid:2)Buildingmodelling(cid:2)Indoor
routing (cid:2) 3D
G.Brown(&)(cid:2)C.Nagel(cid:2)T.H.Kolbe
InstituteforGeodesyandGeoinformationScience,TechnischeUniversität
Berlin,Berlin,Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
C.Nagel
e-mail:[email protected]
T.H.Kolbe
e-mail:[email protected]
S.Zlatanova
OTB,ResearchInstitutefortheBuiltEnvironment,DelftUniversityofTechnology,
Delft,TheNetherlands
e-mail:[email protected]
J.Pouliotetal.(eds),ProgressandNewTrendsin3DGeoinformationSciences, 1
LectureNotesinGeoinformationandCartography,DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-29793-9_1,
(cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
2 G.Brownetal.
1 Introduction
The field of indoor navigation is now a major research topic with research taking
place on the development of localisation sensors and techniques, routing algo-
rithms and display and dissemination of navigation information to a user.
Topographic Space is a fundamental part of indoor navigation, representing the
interior environment of buildings and its semantic decomposition into building
elements (e.g. rooms and storeys) for route planning and use in combination with
additional sensor information. Indoor environments are increasingly being mod-
elled in 3D using Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and CityGML and therefore
componentsoftheseindoorenvironmentsareinherentlyrepresentedin3D.When
considering an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) being routed through a large
indoor airport terminal, we have a real-world navigation object (represented as a
3Dgeographicfeature)interactingwithreal-worldtopographicspacefeatures(e.g.
adooropening)thatthereforemustbedescribedbygeographicfeatureswitha3D
representation in Euclidean space (Nagel et al. 2010). A number of developing
indoor navigation techniques are reliant upon a constant, rich 3D information
model for building interiors, considered within the wider context of indoor. Cur-
rently topographic space information is frequently being provided by building
models captured for the purposes of urban/building modelling. These current
sources of information create a number of potential problems including incom-
plete/inconsistent topographic space features and incompatibility of all informa-
tion sources required for tackling the complete set of indoor navigation tasks
(localisation, routeplanning and routehoming).As an example when considering
the use case of routing a person from a start point to an end point within a single
building during an emergency evacuation scenario, a number of requirements are
createdincludingtheneedtodefinethatelevatorsarecommonlyoutofuseduring
thisscenario.Inexistingbuildingmodels(e.g.CityGML),allsemanticfeaturesare
not always captured and there is a general lack of support for defining complex
navigation constraints (e.g. that an ‘elevator’ = ‘inaccessible’ if
‘scenario’ = ‘emergency’).
The lack of suitable information models is complicated by the lack of under-
standingoftheusecasesfortopographicspaceinformationandthecorresponding
requirements. Therefore there is a need to improve the understanding of the
semantics and constraints required for topographic space. Standardised building
models are increasingly being used to provide the topographic space information,
even though these models have not been developed considering this specific
application. The evaluation of existing building models will provide us with a
detailed understanding of the comparable suitability of building models and the
developments required to fully meet these requirements. The problem is also
complicated by topographic space information only being a sub-part of the
information required for full indoor navigation. Therefore the integration of the
extendedbuildingmodelwithinaflexibleindoornavigationframeworkisrequired
to ensure that the information provided works in combination with other
Modelling3DTopographicSpaceAgainstIndoorNavigationRequirements 3
Fig.1 Multilayered space-event model combining differing space layers (topographic, sensor,
logicalspaceetc.)(Nageletal.2010)
information sources to fully support the requirements for all indoor navigation
tasks. A Multilayered Space-Event Model (MLSEM) framework has been pro-
posedinordertofullysupportallofthenavigationtasks(asdetailedinNageletal.
2010).Crucial aspects ofthisframeworkare theflexibilityinintegrating multiple
space layers (topographic space, sensor space, and logical space), the clear sepa-
ration of these space layers and the integration of user context information (e.g.
modesoflocomotionandusergroups).Thisframeworkallowsarangeofdifferent
information sources to be used for space layers (see Fig. 1), including both
CityGML and IFC for a topographic space layer. This model allows arbitrary
spacecellstobecapturedbuthowever,lacksthesemanticinformationrequiredfor
differing topographic space features. The MLSEM does not aim to provide this
level of semantics, instead preferring that a suitable existing building model
provide the required semantic information. Therefore future work will look at
extendingexistingbuildingmodelsthatcanbeintegratedintotheMLSEMforfull
indoor navigation support.
In Sect. 2 the use cases and corresponding requirements for modelling 3D
topographic spaces are discussed in detail, as a prerequisite for the assessment of
the suitability of related models. Existing topographic space semantic and con-
straint models are introduced and evaluated in Sect. 3. In Sect. 4 our conceptual
approach for modelling semantic topographic space objects and constraints, with
respecttotheidentifiedrequirementsispresented.Linkedhierarchicalconceptual
modelshavebeendevelopedforsemantictopographicspaceobjects,includingall
relevant spaces and objects relevant for indoor routing and topographic space
4 G.Brownetal.
constraints,includingallfactorsthatcanbeusedtodefinethelevelofnavigability
through/around indoor spaces and obstacles. In Sect. 5 we draw conclusions and
give an outlook to future work including the implementation of the conceptual
models for an existing building model.
2 Topographic Space Requirements for Indoor Navigation
In order to develop a customised building model suitable for use in indoor navi-
gation,astructuredsetofusecasesforindoornavigationisrequired.Thosepapers
proposingmodelsforindoornavigationspacedonotincludeusecaseanalysisfor
thedevelopedsemanticmodels(Tsetsosetal.2006;Meijersetal.2005;Goetzand
Zipf2011;YangandWorboys2011).Thereforeaprocessneedstobedevelopedto
identifytheusesoftopographicspaceinformationandtheresultingrequirements.
Only use cases within the scope of indoor routing are considered, with those use
casesconsideringnavigationguidance,visualisationofinformationetc.viewedas
beingoutsidethescopeofthiswork.Requirementscanthenbedrawnoutfromthe
identifiedusecasesandtestcasesdevelopedtoensurethatacustomized/extended
building model is fit for use as the topographic space information model.
2.1 Indoor Navigation Topographic Space Use Cases
Planningaroutetosingle/multipledestinationsisoneofthefundamental tasksof
indoorrouting.Forthistask,auserwantstocalculateanoptimalroutetoasingle/
multiple known destinations considering parameters including the mode of loco-
motion, current scenario (e.g. emergency evacuation), time of day and access
permissionsoftheuser.Thereforethistaskcanbebrokendownintousecases(see
Table 1) to abstract the detailed requirements for topographic space information
model. In Table 1, five core use cases (use cases 1–5) are introduced with use
cases 6–8 relating to this core set.
2.2 Indoor Navigation Topographic Space Requirements
From the use cases, defined in Sect. 2.1, an extensive list of requirements for
topographic space information has been identified. The completeness of this list
will be subject to further investigation along with the determination of depen-
denciesbetweenrequirements.Theindoorenvironmentrequirementsidentifiedare
as follows: