Profound Changes Unseen in Centuries: An Overview of China PDF
Preview Profound Changes Unseen in Centuries: An Overview of China
Understanding China Wen Wang Jinjing Jia Yushu Liu Peng Wang Profound Changes Unseen in Centuries An Overview of China Understanding China Theserieswillprovideyouwithin-depthinformationonChina’ssocial,culturaland economic aspects. It covers a broad variety of topics, from economics and history tolaw,philosophy,culturalgeographyandregionalpolitics,andoffersawealthof materialsforresearchers,doctoralstudents,andexperiencedpractitioners. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/11772 · · · Wen Wang Jinjing Jia Yushu Liu Peng Wang Profound Changes Unseen in Centuries An Overview of China WenWang JinjingJia ChongyangInstituteforFinancialStudies ChongyangInstituteforFinancialStudies RenminUniversityofChina RenminUniversityofChina Beijing,China Beijing,China YushuLiu PengWang ChongyangInstituteforFinancialStudies ChongyangInstituteforFinancialStudies RenminUniversityofChina RenminUniversityofChina Beijing,China Beijing,China ISSN2196-3134 ISSN2196-3142 (electronic) UnderstandingChina ISBN978-981-16-7418-1 ISBN978-981-16-7419-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7419-8 JointlypublishedwithBeijingNormalUniversityPress(Group)Co.,LTD. TheprinteditionisnotforsaleinChina(Mainland).CustomersfromChina(Mainland)pleaseorderthe printbookfrom:BeijingNormalUniversityPress(Group)Co.,LTD. TranslationfromtheChineselanguageedition:AHundredYearsofChangebyWenWang,etal.,©Beijing NormalUniversityPress2020.PublishedbyBeijingNormalUniversityPress.AllRightsReserved. ©BeijingNormalUniversityPress(Group)Co.,LTD.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublishers,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishersnortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublishersremainneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents 1 Introduction:500Years?400Years?300Years?200Years? 100 Years? How to Understand the “Profound Changes UnseeninCenturies”? ........................................ 1 1.1 Understanding the “Profound Changes Unseen inCenturies”inFiveTimeDimensions ...................... 2 1.2 AChangeisNeveraForegoneConclusion ................... 6 1.3 An Evaluation of China’s Rise in Power During This Periodof“ProfoundChanges” ............................. 8 References .................................................... 11 PartI ChangesinPolitics 2 LookingBackatWorldWarIattheCentenary .................. 17 2.1 TheReflections,TreatmentandStrategicConsequences ofWorldWarIaHundredYearsAgo ....................... 17 2.2 Over the Past 100 Years, Mankind is Still Repeating theMistakesofWorldWarI:AllianceConfrontation .......... 19 2.3 WhatistheFutureforMankindaHundredyearsLater? Rethinking from the Perspective of “A Community withaSharedFutureforMankind” ......................... 20 3 The International Pattern and World Order Under the“ProfoundChangesUnseeninCenturies” .................... 23 3.1 TheDefinitionandJudgmentCriteriaof“International Structure” ............................................... 24 3.2 ThePolarizingTrendoftheCurrentInternationalStructure ..... 25 3.3 The ImpactandInfluence ofthe“Polarization” Trend onChina–USRelations ................................... 27 3.4 ChallengesandPotentialfortheComprehensiveDeepening ofChina–EUStrategicCooperation ......................... 30 3.4.1 The“EU”inChina’sDiplomaticMapVersusThe “China”intheEUReport .......................... 30 v vi Contents 3.4.2 The Nature of the Conflict Between China andEurope ...................................... 31 3.4.3 The Foundation and Potential for China–EU Cooperation ...................................... 32 3.5 TheChina–RussiaRelationisNowatItsBestinHistory ....... 33 References .................................................... 36 4 NationalRejuvenationandNeighborhoodDiplomacyUnder “ProfoundChangesUnseeninCenturies” ....................... 39 4.1 TheReversaloftheSituationintheSouthChinaSea .......... 42 4.2 TheTurningPointofChina–IndiaRelations .................. 44 4.3 TheMeltingofthe“Ice”inChina–JapanRelations ............ 46 References .................................................... 48 5 TheResponsibilitiesofGreatPowersandGlobalGovernance Under“ProfoundChangesUnseeninCenturies” ................. 49 5.1 The Development, Current Problems and Challenges oftheG20 ............................................... 49 5.1.1 20 years of G20: governance achievements andthelogicbehinditsevolution ................... 50 5.1.2 Thelatestdilemmaofglobalgovernance ............. 54 5.1.3 CurrentchallengesfacedbytheG20Summit ......... 57 5.2 TheProposalandProgressof the“China’sPlan” ............. 61 5.2.1 TheWeststillhasmoreexperience,resources, andmeansinglobalgovernancethanChina .......... 61 5.2.2 There are still considerable differences between the Chinese and Western concepts ofglobalgovernance,andthe“ChinesePlan” ofglobalgovernanceisunderthethreatofbeing misinterpretedandstigmatizedbytheWest ........... 62 5.2.3 SeveralprinciplesestablishedattheHangzhou Summitarefacingtheriskofbeingmarginalized ...... 64 5.3 CopingandThinking ..................................... 65 5.3.1 Strategic thinking on the continuation ofthe“Hangzhou Consensus”anddefending China’splanintheshortandmedium-term ........... 66 5.3.2 StrategicthinkingonfurtheroptimizingtheG20 structureandadvancingglobalgovernancereform inthemediumandlongterm ....................... 68 References .................................................... 70 6 From“ProfoundChangesUnseeninCenturies”to“Human CommunitywithaSharedFuture” ............................. 75 6.1 TheCommonVisionandCommonChallengesforMankind .... 75 6.2 The Flowers of Friendship Bloom at the Foot oftheHimalayas ......................................... 77 Contents vii 6.2.1 Gwadar:ALegendfromaSmallFishingVillage toanInternationalPort ............................ 77 6.2.2 JamalDiniandYaozongHu:ExperienceHistory andBuildaHomeTogether ........................ 79 6.2.3 China-Nepal-IndiaCorridor:TheSnowy“Heaven Road”GoesStraighttotheWest .................... 80 6.2.4 Trans-Himalayan Sustainable Development Community ...................................... 81 6.3 Allthe Way tothe West:The Revival and Integration ofCivilizationontheThree“SilkRoads” .................... 83 6.3.1 CamelBellSilkRoad:bringCentralAsiaTowards aBrightFuture ................................... 83 6.3.2 Prairie Silk Road: The Legend of the North WrittenbyMadrid-YiwuTrain ..................... 85 6.3.3 TheSilkRoadontheIce:AnUnprecedented PioneeringWork .................................. 87 6.4 TheMoonrisebytheSea .................................. 88 6.4.1 FromChinatoNanyang:ABosomFriendAfar BringsaDistantLandNear ........................ 88 6.4.2 FromNanyangtoWestern:RewritingtheLegend ofZhengHe ..................................... 90 6.4.3 FromNanyangtoSouthernPacific:Asia–Pacific CooperationReachesaNewLevel .................. 92 6.5 Epilogue:ThePrefaceofaBrandNewSection ............... 93 References .................................................... 95 PartII ChangesinEconomics 7 The Prospect: Viewing Economic History as the History ofCorporates ................................................. 99 7.1 Origin:TheEraofColonialTrade .......................... 100 7.2 Inheritance:TheAgeofImperialism ........................ 102 7.3 Transformation:TheEraofGlobalization ................... 104 7.4 Convergence:TheEraofFinancialization .................... 106 References .................................................... 108 8 Evolution:TheFifthFloorofModernization .................... 109 8.1 The Age of Great Innovation: The Changing Global EconomicLandscape ..................................... 110 8.2 Engineering of Network Structure: The “Underlying Architecture”ofToday’sWorld ............................ 113 8.3 Tree-PlantingPatternInnovation:WhytheFutureBelongs toChina ................................................ 119 References .................................................... 120 viii Contents 9 Change:TheEconomyintheAgeofFinancialization ............. 123 9.1 FinancializationisaDerivativeofSystematization ............ 123 9.2 FinancialCrisisPromotesFinancialDeepening ............... 128 9.3 TheEndofthe“GoldenAge” .............................. 130 9.4 FromWartoWar ......................................... 131 9.5 Gold,Oilandthe“BigBang” .............................. 132 10 TheGame:WhoWillGaintheHegemony? ...................... 135 10.1 TheSecretofthe“HegemonyDividend” ..................... 135 10.2 TheGameofModifingtheStatisticalRules .................. 139 10.3 IntellectualPropertyisattheHeartoftheRulesGame ......... 140 10.4 TheFranchiseMonopolyNatureofPatents .................. 141 10.5 The International Patent System is Based on Mutual MarketAccess ........................................... 142 10.6 Global Industrial Restructuring Creates the Dismatch ofInternationalIntellectualPropertyRightsandObligations .... 143 10.7 TheEssenceoftheIntellectualPropertyGameistheProfit ControlGame ........................................... 144 10.8 TheGameof“InternationalizationofDomesticLaws” andItsResponse ......................................... 146 10.9 “IndustrialEcology”isFundamental ........................ 146 11 Trends:PossibilitiesfortheFutureRoad ........................ 149 11.1 TheRiseof“De-dollarization” ............................. 149 11.2 WhereInnovationWillDriveChina? ........................ 151 11.3 China’sInstitutionalAdvantagesinFinancialPerspective ...... 155 11.4 WesternDemocracyFacesanInstitutionalDilemma ........... 155 11.5 ANewUnderstandingofChina’sInstitutionalAdvantages ..... 157 11.6 ShapingtheNewPathofEconomicGlobalization ............. 158 11.7 ChoiceofNationalDevelopmentPathin theTwenty-First Century ................................................. 159 References .................................................... 163 PartIII ChangesinDigitalization 12 TheHumanCrisisintheAgeofArtificialIntelligence ............ 167 12.1 The Artificial Intelligence Revolution in Historical Perspective .............................................. 167 12.1.1 1952–1956:BirthofArtificialIntelligence ........... 168 12.1.2 1956–1974: The Golden Age of Artificial Intelligence ...................................... 169 12.1.3 1974–1980: The First Winter of Artificial Intelligence ...................................... 169 12.1.4 1980–1987:BoomPeriod .......................... 170 12.1.5 1987–1993: The Second Winter of Artificial Intelligence ...................................... 171 Contents ix 12.1.6 1993–2011: The Third Development Period ofArtificialIntelligence ........................... 171 12.1.7 2011–Present:aPeriodofBigData-DrivenAI Development ..................................... 172 12.2 EthicalandPrivacyDilemmasofArtificialIntelligence ........ 173 12.2.1 TheCrisisofArtificialIntelligence“Stripping withaClick” ..................................... 173 12.2.2 Wanting to Avoid Risks is the Biggest Risk inDevelopment:TaketheExampleofDrones ......... 174 12.2.3 CurrentProblemsintheDevelopmentofArtificial IntelligenceinChina .............................. 176 12.2.4 Suggestions for the Future Development ofArtificialIntelligenceinChina:LayingaSolid Foundation, Protecting Intellectual Property Rights,andEncouragingInnovation ................. 177 12.3 The Integration and Struggle Between Machines andHumans ............................................. 178 12.3.1 Robotics Development Has a Greater Impact onLow-IncomePopulations ........................ 178 12.3.2 TheMachineWillNotJustBeaTooltoIncrease theWorker’sEfficiency,ButtheMachineItself WillBecometheWorker ........................... 179 12.3.3 Will the Musk “Brain-Computer Interface System”UsherintheAgeofCyberhumans? .......... 180 12.4 ArtificialIntelligenceTechnologyEnablesBreakthroughs inOtherAreas ........................................... 182 12.5 Outlook:TheInescapableProblemofHumanisticConcern ..... 184 References .................................................... 185 13 AssessmentandGovernanceoftheDigitalSociety ................ 187 13.1 TheRapidGrowthofSmartPhonesandMobileInternet ....... 188 13.2 TheDevelopmentofInternetandtheFormationofaDigital Society ................................................. 188 13.2.1 PeriodofBasicDevelopment ....................... 189 13.2.2 PortalPeriod ..................................... 190 13.2.3 MobileInternetAge ............................... 191 13.3 TheRiseandAssessmentofDigitalSocietyinChina .......... 191 13.3.1 FoundationsofChina’sDigitalSociety:BigData DevelopmentStrategies ............................ 191 13.3.2 TheOverallEvaluationSystemofChina’sDigital SocietyDevelopmentandRelatedAssessment ........ 194 13.3.3 DigitalDevelopment intheDigitalEconomy EvaluationSystem ................................ 197 13.4 BigData,DigitalSocietyandFutureGovernance ............. 201 13.4.1 ThreeLevelsofDigital-SocialInteraction ............ 201
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