Production technologies of CRM from primary resources

269 Pages·2012·14.06 MB·English

SCRREEN
Coordination and Support Action (CSA)
This project has received funding from the European
Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
under grant agreement No 730227.
Start date : 2016-12-01 Duration : 30 Months
www.scrreen.eu
Production technologies of CRM from primary
Authors : Dr. Jason YANG (GTK), Xianfeng Hu (MEFOS), Lena Sundqvist (MEFOS), Johan Eriksson (MEFOS), Elina
Yli-Rantala (VTT), John Bacher (VTT), Michal Drzazga (IMN), Teodora Retegan (Chalmers)
SCRREEN - D4.1 - Issued on 2018-01-31 12:48:29 by GTK
SCRREEN - D4.1 - Issued on 2018-01-31 12:48:29 by GTK
SCRREEN - Contract Number: 730227
Solutions for CRitical Raw materials - a European Expert Network Dimitrios Biliouris
Document title Production technologies of CRM from primary
Dr. Jason YANG, Xianfeng Hu (MEFOS), Lena Sundqvist (MEFOS), Johan Eriksson
Author(s) (MEFOS), Elina Yli-Rantala (VTT), John Bacher (VTT), Michal Drzazga (IMN), Teodora
Retegan (Chalmers)
Number of pages 267
Document type Deliverable
Work Package WP4
Document number D4.1
Issued by GTK
Date of completion 2018-01-31 12:48:29
Dissemination level Public
Summary
In this deliverable (D4.1) the relevant production lines of CRMs, including production, applications, primary resources for
production and main industrial actors, are identified. Flow sheets of mineral and metallurgical processing are analysed and
recognized, and further the main challenges related to CRM recovery techniques are discussed. Additionally, the mining
tailings and processing residues are characterized.
Approval
Date By
2018-01-31 12:57:08 Mrs. Marjaana KARHU (VTT)
2018-02-14 17:34:55 Mr. Stéphane BOURG (CEA)
SCRREEN - D4.1 - Issued on 2018-01-31 12:48:29 by GTK
Production Technologies of CRM from
Primary Resources

SCRREEN D4.1
Jason Yang (GTK)

Contributors:
CHROMIUM, COKING COAL, NATURAL GRAPHITE, MAGNESIUM, SILICON METAL,
VANADIUM: Xianfeng Hu, Lena Sundqvist and Johan Eriksson (MEFOS)
GALLIUM: John Bacher (VTT)
NATURAL RUBBER, PHOSPHATE ROCK, PHOSPHORUS: Elina Yli-Rantala (VTT)
BARYTE, PLATINUM-GROUP METALS (PGMs), RARE EARTH ELEMENTS (REE), SCANDIUM,
TUNGSTEN: Jason Yang (GTK)
ANTIMONY, COBALT, GERMANIUM, INDIUM: Michał Drzazga (IMN)
BERYLLIUM, BORATES, FLUORSPAR, TANTALUM, BISMUTH, HAFNIUM, HELIUM: Teodora
Retegan (Chalmers)

January 2018

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No 730227
SCRREEN D4.1|Environmental trends and circular economy aspects|Rev.0| 1
CONTENT
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 11
2 ANTIMONY .................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 12
2.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 12
2.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................. 12
2.2.2 METALLURGICAL EXTRACTION ...................................................................................................... 13
2.3 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 19
3 BARYTE .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
3.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 20
3.1.1 BARYTE, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS .................................................................................. 20
3.1.2 PRIMARY RESOURCES FOR BARYTE PRODUCTION ........................................................................ 21
3.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 22
3.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................. 22
3.3 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 24
4 BERYLLIUM .................................................................................................................................................... 26
4.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 26
4.1.1 PRODUCTION FROM PRIMARY SOURCES ...................................................................................... 26
4.1.2 PRODUCTION FROM SECONDARY SOURCES ................................................................................. 26
4.1.3 APPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 26
4.2 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 27
5 BISMUTH ....................................................................................................................................................... 28
5.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 28
5.1.1 OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 28
5.1.2 USES .............................................................................................................................................. 28
5.2 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 28
6 BORATES........................................................................................................................................................ 29
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No 730227
SCRREEN D4.1|Environmental trends and circular economy aspects|Rev.0| 2
6.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 29
6.1.1 WORLD RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 29
6.1.2 MAIN USES .................................................................................................................................... 29
6.2 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 30
7 CHROMIUM ................................................................................................................................................... 31
7.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 31
7.1.1 CHROMIUM, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS .......................................................................... 31
7.1.2 PRIMARY RESOURCES and Chromite ............................................................................................. 31
7.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 33
7.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................. 33
7.2.2 METALLURGICAL PROCESSING ...................................................................................................... 34
7.3 PRIMARY VALUE CHAIN, IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY RESOURCES AND LOSS OF CHROMIUM
INTO THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................. 38
7.4 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 39
8 COBALT .......................................................................................................................................................... 41
8.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 41
8.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 42
8.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................. 42
8.2.2 METALLURGICAL EXTRACTION ...................................................................................................... 44
8.3 MINE TAILINGS AND RESIDUES PROCESSING AND POTENTIAL UTILIZATIONS ..................................... 47
8.3.1 PROCESSING .................................................................................................................................. 47
8.3.2 POTENTIAL UTILIZATIONS ............................................................................................................. 48
8.4 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 48
9 COKING COAL ................................................................................................................................................ 49
9.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 49
9.1.1 COKING COAL, PRODUCTION AND RESERVES ............................................................................... 49
9.1.2 APPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 51
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No 730227
SCRREEN D4.1|Environmental trends and circular economy aspects|Rev.0| 3
9.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 52
9.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................. 52
9.2.2 METALLURGICAL PROCESSING ...................................................................................................... 53
SUBSTITUTION OF COKING COAL TO OTHER MATERIALS ............................................................... 54
9.3 VALUE CHAIN, IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY RESOURCES AND LOSS OF COKING COAL INTO THE
ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................................................. 54
9.4 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 54
10 FLUORSPAR ............................................................................................................................................... 56
10.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 56
10.1.1 WORLD MINE PRODUCTION AND RESERVES ................................................................................ 56
10.1.2 MAIN USES .................................................................................................................................... 57
10.2 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 57
11 GALLIUM (Ga) ............................................................................................................................................ 58
11.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 58
11.1.1 GALLIUM, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS ............................................................................... 58
11.1.2 PRIMARY RESOURCES FOR GALLIUM PRODUCTION ..................................................................... 58
11.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 59
11.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................. 59
11.2.2 METALLURGICAL EXTRACTION ...................................................................................................... 60
11.3 TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS IN gA PRODUCTIONS FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ................................... 70
11.3.1 MINERAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................. 70
11.3.2 METALLURGICAL EXTRACTION ...................................................................................................... 71
11.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF MINING TAILINGS AND PROCESSING RESIDUES AND POTENTIAL
UTILIZATIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 72
11.4.1 CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATIONS .............................................................. 72
11.4.2 POTENTIAL UTILIZATION ............................................................................................................... 73
11.5 REFERENCE ............................................................................................................................................ 73
12 GERMANIUM ............................................................................................................................................. 75
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No 730227
SCRREEN D4.1|Environmental trends and circular economy aspects|Rev.0| 4
12.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 75
12.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 75
12.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................. 75
12.2.2 METALLURGICAL EXTRACTION ...................................................................................................... 75
12.3 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 82
13 HAFNIUM .................................................................................................................................................. 84
13.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 84
13.1.1 OCURENCE ..................................................................................................................................... 84
13.1.2 PRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 84
13.1.3 USES .............................................................................................................................................. 84
13.2 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 84
14 HELIUM...................................................................................................................................................... 85
14.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 85
14.1.1 WORLD PRODUCTION AND RESERVES .......................................................................................... 85
14.1.2 PRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 86
14.1.3 USES .............................................................................................................................................. 86
14.2 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 86
15 INDIUM ...................................................................................................................................................... 88
15.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 88
15.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 88
15.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSIN ..................................................................................................................... 88
15.2.2 METALLURGICAL EXTRACTION ...................................................................................................... 88
15.3 PROCESSING OF MINE TAILINGS AND RESIDUES .................................................................................. 92
15.4 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 92
16 MAGNESIUM ............................................................................................................................................. 94
16.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 94
16.1.1 GLOBAL PRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 94
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No 730227
SCRREEN D4.1|Environmental trends and circular economy aspects|Rev.0| 5
16.1.2 APPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 95
16.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 96
16.2.1 ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS FOR MAGNESIUM PRODUCTION ............................................................ 96
16.2.2 THERMAL PROCESSES FOR MAGNESIUM PRODUCTION ............................................................... 99
16.3 PRIMARY VALUE CHAIN, IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY RESOURCES AND LOSS OF MAGNESIUM
INTO THE ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................... 101
16.4 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 101
17 NATURAL GRAPHITE ................................................................................................................................ 103
17.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................. 103
17.1.1 GLOBAL PRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 103
APPLICATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 104
17.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................. 105
17.2.1 MINING ........................................................................................................................................ 105
17.2.2 MINERAL PROCESSING ................................................................................................................ 106
17.2.3 REFINING ..................................................................................................................................... 106
17.3 VALUE CHAIN, IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY RESOURCES AND LOSS OF GRAPHITE INTO THE
ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................................ 107
17.4 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 108
18 NATUAL RUBBER ..................................................................................................................................... 109
18.1 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................. 109
18.1.1 CHALLENGES RELATED TO NATURAL RUBBER PROCESSING ..................................... 109
18.1.2 PROCESSING METHODS ..................................................................................................... 110
18.1.3 INDUSTRIAL ACTORS .......................................................................................................... 112
18.2 PROCESSING OF THE RESIDUES .............................................................................................. 113
18.3 REFERENCE .......................................................................................................................................... 113
19 PHOSPHATE ROCK ................................................................................................................................... 115
19.1 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................. 115
19.1.1 MINERAL PROCESSING ................................................................................................................ 116
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No 730227
SCRREEN D4.1|Environmental trends and circular economy aspects|Rev.0| 6
19.1.2 MAIN INDUSTRIAL ACTORS ......................................................................................................... 120
19.2 PROCESSING OF MINE TAILINGS AND RESIDUES ................................................................................ 121
19.2.1 CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISATIONS ............................................................ 121
19.2.2 POTENTIAL UTILIZATIONS ........................................................................................................... 121
19.3 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 121
20 PHOSPHORUS .......................................................................................................................................... 124
20.1 PRODUCTION OF WHITE PHOSPHORUS FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 124
20.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................. 124
20.2.1 PROCESSING METHOD ................................................................................................................ 124
20.2.2 INDUSTRIAL ACTORS ................................................................................................................... 125
20.3 PROCESSING OF MINE TAILINGS AND RESIDUES ................................................................................ 126
20.4 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 126
21 PLATINUM-GROUP METALS (PGMS) ....................................................................................................... 127
21.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................. 127
21.1.1 PGMS, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS .................................................................................. 127
21.1.2 PRIMARY RESOURCES FOR PGMS PRODUCTION ........................................................................ 127
21.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................. 130
21.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING ................................................................................................................ 130
21.2.2 METALLURGICAL EXTRACTION .................................................................................................... 138
21.3 TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS IN PGM PRODUCTIONS FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................. 150
21.3.1 MINERAL PROCESSING ................................................................................................................ 150
21.3.2 METALLURGICAL EXTRACTION .................................................................................................... 151
21.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF MINING TAILINGS AND PROCESSING RESIDUES AND POTENTIAL
UTILIZATIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 155
21.4.1 PGMS CONTAINING TAILINGS FROM CHROMIUM MINES IN SOUTH AFRICA ............................. 155
21.5 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 158
22 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS (REE) ................................................................................................................. 163
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No 730227
SCRREEN D4.1|Environmental trends and circular economy aspects|Rev.0| 7
22.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................. 163
22.1.1 REE, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS ...................................................................................... 163
22.1.2 PRIMARY RESOURCES FOR REE PRODUCTION ............................................................................ 164
22.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................. 170
22.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING ................................................................................................................ 170
22.2.2 METALLURGICAL EXTRACTION .................................................................................................... 175
22.3 TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS IN CRMS PRODUCTIONS FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................ 189
22.3.1 MINERAL PROCESSING ................................................................................................................ 189
22.3.2 METALLURGICAL EXTRACTION .................................................................................................... 192
22.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF MINING TAILINGS AND PROCESSING RESIDUES AND POTENTIAL
UTILIZATIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 193
22.4.1 MINE REE CONTAINING TAILINGS ............................................................................................... 194
22.4.2 PHOSPHOGYPSUM ...................................................................................................................... 195
22.4.3 BAUXITE RESIDUE (RED MUD) ..................................................................................................... 197
22.5 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 197
23 SCANDIUM (SC) ....................................................................................................................................... 203
23.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................. 203
23.1.1 SC, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................ 203
23.1.2 PRIMARY RESOURCES FOR SC PRODUCTION .............................................................................. 204
23.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................. 205
23.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING ................................................................................................................ 205
23.2.2 METALLURGICAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................... 205
23.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF MINING TAILINGS AND PROCESSING RESIDUES AND POTENTIAL
UTILIZATIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 207
23.4 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 208
24 SILICON METAL ........................................................................................................................................ 209
24.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................. 209
24.1.1 GLOBAL PRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 209
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No 730227
SCRREEN D4.1|Environmental trends and circular economy aspects|Rev.0| 8