Produced Water: Technological/Environmental Issues and Solutions

605 Pages·1992·22.918 MB·English

by  M. T. Stephenson (auth.), James P. Ray, F. Rainer Engelhardt (eds.)

PRODUCED WATER
Technological/Environmental
Issues and Solutions
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
Series Editor:
Herbert S. Rosenkranz
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Graduate School of Public Health
University of Pittsburgh
130 DeSoto Street
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Founding Editor:
Alexander Hollaender
Recent Volumes in this Series
Volume 39-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY OF COMPLEX MIXTURES
Edited by Michael D. Waters, F. Bernard Daniel, Joellen Lewtas,
Martha M. Moore, and Stephen Nesnow
Volume 40-NITROARENES: Occurrence, Metabolism, and Biological Impact
Edited by Paul C. Howard, Stephen S. Hecht, and Frederick A. Beland
Volume 41-ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR WASTE TREATMENT
Edited by Gary S. Sayler, Robert Fox, and James W. Blackburn
Volume 42-CHEMISTRY FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Edited by L. Pawlowski, W. J. Lacy, and J. J. Dlugosz
Volume 43-PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
IN THE SEA
Edited by Paul G. Falkowski and Avril D. Woodhead
Volume 44 - SECONDARY-METABOLITE BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM
Edited by Richard J. Petroski and Susan P. McCormick
Volume 45 -GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE: Linking Energy, Environment, Economy,
and Equity
Edited by James C. White
Volume 46 - PRODUCED WATER: Technological/Environmental Issues and Solutions
Edited by James P. Ray and F. Rainer Engelhardt
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only
upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
PRODUCED W ATER
T echnolog ical/Environ mental
Issues and Solutions
Edited by
James P. Ray
Shell Oii Company
Houston, Texas
and
F. Rainer Engelhardt
Marine Spill Response Corporation
Washington, D.C.
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Llbrary of Congress Cataloglng-ln-Publlcatlon Data
International Produced Water Symposium (1992 , San Oiego. Calif.)
Produced water , technological/environmental issues and solutions
edited by James P. Ray and F. Ralner Engelhardt.
p. cm. -- (Environmental science research ; v.46)
"Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced Water Symposium.
held February 4-7. 1992. in San Oiego. California"--T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-6258-6
1. Oil field brines--Congresses. 1. Ray. J. P. II. Engelhardt.
F. R. (F. Ranier) III. Title. IV. Series.
TN871.1523 1992
622' .33819--dc20 92-44262
CIP
Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced Water Symposium,
held February 4-7, 1992, in San Diego, California
ISBN 978-1-4613-6258-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-2902-6 (eBook)
DOI1O.1007/978-1-4615-2902-6
© 1992 Springer Science+ Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1992
Softcover rep rint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1992
Ali rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
FOREWORD
This book represents the proceedings of the first major international meeting dedi
cated to discuss environmental aspects of produced water. The 1992 International Pro
duced Water Symposium was held at the Catamaran Hotel, San Diego, California, USA,
on February 4-7, 1992. The objectives of the conference were to provide a forum where
scientists, regulators, industry, academia, and the enviromental community could gather
to hear and discuss the latest information related to the environmental considerations of
produced water discharges. It was also an objective to provide a forum for the peer review
and international publication of the symposium papers so that they would have wide
availability to all parties interested in produced water environmental issues.
Produced water is the largest volume waste stream from oil and gas production
activities. Onshore, well over 90% is reinjected to subsurface formations. Offshore, and
in the coastal zone, most produced water is discharged to the ocean. Over the past several
years there has been increasing concern from regulators and the environmental commu
nity. There has been a quest for more information on the composition, treatment systems
and chemicals, discharge characteristics, disposal options, and fate and effects of the
produced water. As so often happens, much of this information exists in the forms of
reports and internal research papers. This symposium and publication was intended to
make this information available, both for open discussion at the conference, and for peer
review before publication.
In the years to come as discharge options become more limited, and production
operations more costly, this new information could provide a valuable technical basis upon
which to make new regulatory decisions. It is hoped that the information presented will
prove useful to operators in developing better and more efficient treatment technologies,
and also will prove valuable to regulators in developing beUer, scientifically based, envi
ronmental controls.
It also should provide a clear basis upon which to plan future research to both
strengthen our current knowledge base as well as fill data gaps.
James P. Ray
F. Rainer Engelhardt
\I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank all of the contributing authors who participated in the 1992
International Produced Water Symposium, San Diego, California, (Feb. 4-7, 1992), and
their co-authors who made the papers presented in this book possible. We would also like
to thank the 239 participants who contributed to the quality of the conference and these
papers by their active participation in the question and answer sessions which followed
each presentation.
Key to the success of the conference were Annmarie Pittman and Cathy Coyle of
Courtesy Associates, Washington, D.C. Theywere the professionals behind the organiza
tion and execution of the conference. Mr.John Taylor and the staffofthe Catamaran Hotel
provided an excellent atmosphere and facilities for the conference.
The following sponsors provided funds and professional staff so that this conference
could be organized:
American Petroleum Institute
Canadian Petroleum Association
E&P Forum
Environment Canada
Fisheries & Oceans Canada
Gas Research Institute
Indian & Northern Affairs Canada
Interstate Oil & Gas Compact Commission
National Energy Board of Canada
U.S. Department of Energy
U.S. DOl, Bureau of Land Management
U.S. DOl, Minerals Management Service
vi;
Representing the sponsoring organizations, and making the conference possible, were
the following Steering Committee Members:
Dr. James P. Ray, (Chairman- Symposium) Ms. Nancy Johnson
Shell Oil Company U.S. Department of Energy
Houston, Texas USA Washington, D.C. USA
Dr. James Anderson Mr. Rodney Paterson
National Energy Board Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Calgary, Alberta CANADA Ottawa, Ontario CANADA
Dr. Daniel Caudle Mr. Jerry Simmons
Conoco, Inc. Interstate Oil & Gas Compact Commission
Houston, Texas USA Oklahoma City, Oklahoma USA
Dr. Sie Ling Chiang Ms. Cheryl Starke
Bureau of Land Management Milpark Drilling Fluids
Washington, D.C. USA Houston, Texas USA
Ms. Susan Clarke Ms. Alexis Steen
(Chairman, Program Committee) American Petroleum Institute
Environment Canada Washington, D.C. USA
Hull, Quebec CANADA
Dr. Rainer Engelhardt Dr. Kenneth Turgeon
(Chairman, Review Committee) U.S. Minerals Management SelVice
Marine Spill Response Corporation Washington, D.C. USA
Washington, D.C. USA
Mr. Gary Webster
Mr. James Evans (Co-Chairman Symposium)
Gas Research Institute Canadian Petroleum Association
Chicago, Illinois USA Calgary, Alberta CANADA
Dr. Arthur Hartstein Dr. Abbas Zaidi
U.S. Department of Energy Wastewater Technology Centre
Washington, D.C. USA Burlington, Ontario CANADA
Mr. T.A. Herenius
Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij
B.V.
The Hague, NETHERlANDS
viii
In addition, Drs. R.C. Ayers, Jr., and Michael Stephenson contributed to the Review
Committee. Special thanks go to our group of invited speakers that made plenary pre
sentations to set the tone of the conference:
Dr. Alasdair McIntyre (Keynote) Dr. Brian Bietz
University of Aberdeen Alberta Energy Resources
Aberdeen, Scotland Conservation Board
Calgary, Alberta CANADA
Mr. Dale Gilliam Dr. David Monk
Amoco Production Company BP Exploration, Europe
Houston, Texas USA Aberdeen, Scotland
And finally, credit for the high quality of this publication go to over 150 scientists and
technical specialists who served as peer reviewers and gave of their valuable time to re
view papers, and to Chris Noble of Noble Publishing who spent long hours preparing
the final manuscripts via desktop publishing.
James P. Ray Gary Webster
Chairman Co-Chairman
IX
CONTENTS
MANAGEMENT CONCERNS
A SURVEY OF PRODUCED WATER STUDIES .............. 1
M. T. Stephenson
THE COMPOSITION OF PRODUCED WATER FROM SHELL OPERATED
OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION IN THE NORTH SEA ............ 13
R.P.W.M. Jacobs., R.O.H. Grant, J. Kwant, J.M., Marquenie,
and E. Mentzer
REVIEW OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF EPA'S OFFSHORE OIL AND
GAS EFFLUENT GUIDELINES .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
J.A. Veil
PROCEDURE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CONTINGENCY PLANS TO
MITIGATE PRODUCED WATER RELEASES ON BLM LANDS ...... 35
J.L. Rogers, R.T. Hicks, and J.Jensen
DEVELOPMENT OF A PRODUCT SCREENING PROTOCOL FOR
EVALUATING ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECfS OF
OILFIELD CHEMICALS ............................ 45
J. D. Berg, S. Bakke, E. A. Vik, and B. S. Nesgard
MODELING APPROACHES
MODELING OFFSHORE DISCHARGES OF PRODUCED WATER . 59
M. G. Brandsma, J. P. Smith, J. E. O'Reilly, R. C. Ayers, Jr., and A. L. Holmquist
AN ANALYSIS OF MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR PRODUCED
WATERS FROM NATURAL GAS PRODUCfION .............. 73
D. V. Nakles, I. Ortiz, and J. R. Frank
A STATISTICAL MODEL TO PREDICT TOXICITY OF SALINE PRODUCED
WATERS TO FRESHWATER ORGANISMS ................. 89
D.D. Gulley, D.R. Mount, J.R. Hockett, and H.L. Bergman
xi
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION
A COMPREHENSIVE DETERMINATION OF PRODUCED
WATER COMPOSITION. . . . .. . ..... . . ........ 97
P.J.C. Tibbetts, l.T. Buchanan, L.J. Gawel, and R. Large
CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
PRODUCED WATER FREON EXTRACTS .................. 113
J.S. Brown, T.C. Sauer, Jr., M.J. Wade, and J.M. Neff
SPECIFIC TOXIC ORGANICS IN PRODUCED WATERS FROM IN-SITU
HEAVY OIL RECOVERY OPERATIONS IN WESTERN CANADA .... 133
J. Carey, A. Zaidi, and J. Ribo
SOURCES, CHARACTERISTICS, AND MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCED
WATERS FROM NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION AND
STORAGE OPERATIONS ........................... 151
J.P. Fillo, S.M. Koraido, and J.M. Evans
CHARACTERIZATION OF PRODUCED WATERS FROM NATURAL GAS
PRODUCTION AND STORAGE OPERATIONS: REGULATORY
ANALYSIS OF A COMPLEX MATRIX .................... 163
M.C. Shepherd, F.L. Shore, S.K. Mertens, and J.S. Gibson
TOXICITY
USE OF LABORATORY TOXICITY DATA FOR EVALUATING THE
ENVIRONMENTAL ACCEPTABILITY OF PRODUCED WATER
DISCHARGE TO SURFACE WATERS .................... 175
D.R. Mount, KR. Drottar, D.D. Gulley, J.P. Fillo, and P.E. O'Neil
TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PRODUCED
WATER DISCHARGES FROM COLORADO AND WYOMING. . .... 187
K W. Fucik
A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF PRODUCED WATER TOXICITY ...... 199
KC. Schiff, D.J. Reish, J.W. Anderson, and S.M. Bay
IDENTIFICATION OF TOXICITY IN LOW-TDS PRODUCED WATERS ....... 209
T.C. Sauer, Jr., T.J. Ward, J.S. Brown, S. O'Neil, and M.J. Wade
AN APPROACH TO TOXICANT ISOLATION FROM A PRODUCED WATER
SOURCE IN THE SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL .............. 223
R.M. Higashi, G.N. Cherr, c.A. Bergens, and T;W.M. Fan
SHORT-TERM CHRONIC TOXICITY OF PRODUCED WATER AND ITS
VARIABILITY AS A FUNCTION OF SAMPLE TIME AND
DISCHARGE RATE ........................ . . ... 235
C.M. Moffitt, M.R. Rhea, P.B. Dorn, J.F. Hall, J.M. Bruney, and S.H. Evans
TOXICITY TESTING AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
PRODUCED WATER -A PRELIMINARY STUDY. . ............ 245
J. Brendehaug, S.Johnsen, K H.Bryne , A. L. Gjose, T.H. Eide, and E. Aamot
xii