Produced Water: Environmental Risks and Advances in Mitigation Technologies PDF
Preview Produced Water: Environmental Risks and Advances in Mitigation Technologies
Produced Water · Kenneth Lee Jerry Neff Editors Produced Water Environmental Risks and Advances in Mitigation Technologies 123 Editors KennethLee JerryNeff CentreforOffshoreOil,GasandEnergy Neff&AssociatesLLC Research(COOGER) Duxbury,MA,USA FisheriesandOceansCanada BedfordInstituteofOceanography Dartmouth,NS,Canada ISBN978-1-4614-0045-5 e-ISBN978-1-4614-0046-2 DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-0046-2 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011933551 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2011 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject toproprietaryrights. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface The“InternationalProducedWaterConference:EnvironmentalRisksandAdvances in Mitigation Technologies” was held in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada, on October 17–18, 2007, and brought together international stakeholders of the off- shoreoilandgasindustry(scientists,environmentalmanagers,regulators,industry andothernon-governmentalorganizations)tosharetheirconcerns,knowledgeand expertise on the discharge of produced water at sea. In particular, this conference enabledCanadianscientiststopresentanddiscussthelatestfindingsofenvironmen- taleffectsmonitoringandresearchprogramsconductedbyindustryandgovernment (e.g.EnvironmentalStudiesResearchFunds–ESRF,ProgramofEnergyResearch andDevelopment–PERD)forbothregulatorycomplianceandtheimprovementof policies and regulations. Following the meeting, a decision was made by the con- ferencesponsor,ESRF,topublishabookhighlightingthemajorscientificfindings thatwouldassistinthedecision-making processrelated tooiland gas exploration anddevelopment,bothinCanada’sfrontierlandsaswellasglobally. Thechapterscoverawiderangeoftopicsincluding: • chemicalcompositionandcharacterization, • fateandtransportintheenvironment, • biologicaleffects, • monitoringtechnologies,and • predictivemodelling,andriskassessmentandmanagement. Thechapterscoverthemajorscientificfindingsreportedbytheparticipantsofthe conference. In addition, a number of additional presentations were added to cover otherrecentscientificfindingsofinterestidentifiedbytheconferencesessionchairs andparticipants.Controversialpaperswerenotavoided,inordertobringemerging issuesofconcernforwardfordiscussionandevaluationforadditionalresearch.Itis our hope that this collection of scientific manuscripts will aid in our evaluation of thepotentialimpactsofproducedwaterandthedevelopmentofmitigationstrategies andregulationstoensuretheprotectionofourmarineenvironment. v vi Preface Wetaketheopportunitytodedicatethispublicationtooneofourcolleaguesand the author of a chapter in this volume: the late Maynard G. Brandsma. We hope thattheresearchandinformationcontainedherein,onvariousaspectsofproduced water,formsafittingmementotohismemory. Dartmouth,NovaScotia KennethLee Duxbury,Massachusetts JerryNeff Contents PartI OverviewofProducedWaterFatesandEffects 1 ProducedWater:OverviewofComposition,Fates,andEffects . . 3 JerryNeff,KennethLee,andElisabethM.DeBlois PartII Composition/Characterization 2 MeasurementofOilinProducedWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 MingYang 3 EvaluationofProducedWaterfromBrazilianOffshorePlatforms. 89 IreneT.Gabardo,EduardoB.Platte,AntônioS.Araujo, andFernandoH.Pulgatti 4 BiodegradationofCrudeOilasPotentialSourceofOrganic AcidsinProducedWater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 BentBarmanSkaare,JanKihle,andTerjeTorsvik 5 ChemicalFormsandReactionsofBariuminMixtures ofProducedWaterwithSeawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 JohnH.TrefryandRobertP.Trocine 6 The Distribution of Dissolved and Particulate Metals andNutrientsintheVicinityoftheHiberniaOffshoreOil andGasPlatform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 PhilipA.Yeats,B.A.Law,andT.G.Milligan 7 The Effect of Storage Conditions on Produced Water ChemistryandToxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 MoniqueT.Binet,JenniferL.Stauber,andTrevorWinton 8 CentrifugalFlotationTechnologyEvaluationforDissolved OrganicsRemovalfromProducedWater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 MarcelV.Melo,O.A.PereiraJr,A.JacintoJr,andL.A.dosSantos vii viii Contents PartIII Modelling,FateandTransport 9 TheDREAMModelandtheEnvironmentalImpactFactor: DecisionSupportforEnvironmentalRiskManagement . . . . . . 189 MarkReedandHenrikRye 10 DiffuserHydraulics,HeatLoss,andApplicationtoVertical SpiralDiffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 MaynardG.Brandsma 11 Experimental and Modelling Studies on the Mixing BehaviorofOffshoreDischargedProducedWater . . . . . . . . . 223 HaiboNiu,KennethLee,TahirHusain,BrianVeitch,andNeilBose 12 A Coupled Model for Simulating the Dispersion ofProducedWaterintheMarineEnvironment . . . . . . . . . . . 235 HaiboNiu,KennethLee,TahirHusain,BrianVeitch,andNeilBose 13 ANewApproachtoTracingParticulatesfromProducedWater . . 249 BarryR.RuddickandChristopherT.Taggart PartIV BiologicalEffects 14 FieldEvaluationofaSuiteofBiomarkersinanAustralian Tropical Reef Species, Stripey Seaperch (Lutjanus carponotatus): Assessment of Produced Water from theHarrietAPlatform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 SusanCodiKing,ClaireConwell,MaryHaasch, JulieMondon,JochenMüeller,ShiqianZhu,andLibbyHowitt 15 EvidenceofExposureofFishtoProducedWateratThree OffshoreFacilities,NorthWestShelf,Australia . . . . . . . . . . . 295 MartheMoniqueGagnon 16 EffectofProducedWateronInnateImmunity,Feeding andAntioxidantMetabolisminAtlanticCod(Gadusmorhua) . . . 311 DouniaHamoutene,H.Volkoff,C.Parrish,S.Samuelson, G.Mabrouk,A.Mansour,AnnMathieu,ThomasKing, andKennethLee 17 Effects of Hibernia Production Water on the Survival, GrowthandBiochemistryofJuvenileAtlanticCod(Gadus morhua)andNorthernMummichog(Fundulusheteroclitus macrolepidotus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 LesBurridge,MonicaBoudreau,MonicaLyons, SimonCourtenay,andKennethLee Contents ix 18 Microbial Community Characterization of Produced WaterfromtheHiberniaOilProductionPlatform . . . . . . . . . 345 C.WilliamYeung,KennethLee,andCharlesW.Greer 19 Application of Microbiological Methods to Assess thePotentialImpactofProducedWaterDischarges . . . . . . . . . 353 KennethLee,SusanE.Cobanli,BrianJ.Robinson, andGaryWohlgeschaffen 20 Studies on Fish Health Around the Terra Nova Oil DevelopmentSiteontheGrandBanksBeforeandAfter DischargeofProducedWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 AnneMathieu,JacquelineHanlon,MarkMyers, WynnannMelvin,BoydFrench,ElisabethM.DeBlois, ThomasKing,KennethLee,UrbanP.Williams, FrancineM.Wight,andGregJanes 21 RiskstoFishAssociatedwithBariuminDrillingFluidsand ProducedWater:AChronicToxicityStudywithCunner (Tautogolabrusadspersus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 JerryF.Payne,CatherineAndrews,LindaFancey, BoydFrench,andKennethLee PartV MonitoringTechnologies 22 HistoricalPerspectiveofProducedWaterStudiesFunded bytheMineralsManagementService . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 MaryC.Boatman 23 Water Column Monitoring of Offshore Oil and Gas Activities on the Norwegian Continental Shelf: Past, PresentandFuture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 IngunnNilssenandTorgeirBakke 24 BioaccumulationofHydrocarbonsfromProducedWater DischargedtoOffshoreWatersoftheUSGulfofMexico . . . . . . 441 JerryNeff,T.C.Sauer,andA.D.Hart PartVI RiskAssessmentandManagement 25 OffshoreEnvironmentalEffectsMonitoringinNorway– Regulations,ResultsandDevelopments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 TorgeirBakke,AnnMariVikGreen,andPerErikIversen 26 Fuzzy-Stochastic Risk Assessment Approach fortheManagementofProducedWaterDischarges . . . . . . . . . 493 ZhiChen,LinZhao,andKennethLee x Contents 27 ApplicationofQuantitativeRiskAssessmentinProduced WaterManagement–theEnvironmentalImpactFactor(EIF) . . . 511 StåleJohnsenandToneK.Frost 28 ChallengesPerformingRiskAssessmentintheArctic. . . . . . . . 521 GroHarlaugOlsen,JoLynnCarroll,SalveDahle, Lars-HenrikLarsen,andLionelCamus 29 ProducedWaterManagementOptionsandTechnologies . . . . . . 537 JohnA.Veil 30 Decision-MakingToolforProducedWaterManagement . . . . . . 573 AbdullahMofarrah,TahirHusain,KellyHawboldt,andBrianVeitch Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Contributors CatherineAndrews ScienceBranch,FisheriesandOceansCanada,Northwest AtlanticFisheriesCentre,St.John’s,NL,Canada AntônioS. Araujo DepartmentofChemistry,UFRN–FederalUniversityofRio GrandedoNorte,Natal,RN,Brazil TorgeirBakke NorwegianInstituteforWaterResearch(NIVA),Oslo,Norway BentBarmanSkaare DepartmentofEnvironmentalTechnology,Institute forEnergyTechnology,Kjeller,Norway MoniqueT.Binet CentreforEnvironmentalContaminantsResearch, CSIROLandandWater,Kirrawee,NSW,Australia MaryC.Boatman U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior,BureauofOceanEnergy Management,Regulation,andEnforcement,Herndon,VA,USA NeilBose AustralianMaritimeHydrodynamicsResearchCentre,University ofTasmania,Launceston,TAS,Australia MonicaBoudreau FisheriesandOceansCanada,GulfFisheriesCentre, Moncton,NB,Canada MaynardG.Brandsma BrandsmaEngineering,Durango,CO,USA LesBurridge FisheriesandOceansCanada,St.AndrewsBiologicalStation, St.Andrews,NB,Canada LionelCamus Akvaplan-niva,FRAMCentre,Tromsø,Norway JoLynnCarroll Akvaplan-niva,FRAMCentre,Tromsø,Norway ZhiChen DepartmentofBuildingCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering, ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,PQ,Canada SusanE.Cobanli CentreforOffshoreOil,GasandEnergyResearch (COOGER),FisheriesandOceansCanada,BedfordInstituteofOceanography, Dartmouth,NS,Canada xi
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