Process Plant Instrumentation: Design and Upgrade PDF
Preview Process Plant Instrumentation: Design and Upgrade
Process Plant Instrumentation Design and Upgrade Process Plant Instrumentation Design and Upgrade Miguel J. Bagajewicz, Ph.D. School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Oklahoma Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2000 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20161019 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-56676-998-3 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reason- able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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CONTENTS Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii Chapter1.PlantDataManagement............................... 1 Introduction 1 PlantInformationandOperationsManagement 1 Model-BasedMonitoring 4 QualityofData 5 References 11 Chapter2.InstrumentationDesignGoals....................... 15 Introduction 15 MeasuredandKeyVariables 15 SelectionofMonitoringVariables 16 SelectionofKeyVariablesinControl 17 SelectionofMeasuredVariablesforFaultDiagnosis 24 InstrumentationDesignGoals 25 UpgradingofInstrumentation 27 Nomenclature 28 References 28 Chapter3.Instrumentation...................................... 31 Introduction 31 FlowRateInstrumentation 31 LevelMeasurement 46 TemperatureMeasurement 51 vii viii Contents PressureMeasurement 56 DensityMeasurement 58 On-LineProcessAnalyzers 60 TransmissionandTransformationofSignals 60 Nomenclature 62 References 63 Chapter4.ErrorsinMeasurement .............................. 65 Introduction 65 InstrumentProperties 65 MeasurementQuality 66 SensitivityandSpeedofResponse 71 HysteresisandDeadBand 72 CalibrationCurves 74 AccuracyofDifferentInstruments 76 Nomenclature 78 References 78 Chapter5.VariableClassification ............................... 81 Introduction 81 Model 81 MeasurementEquation 82 GraphsandFlowsheets 82 ConnectivityofSystems 83 Observability 85 Redundancy 86 LinearSystems 87 CanonicalRepresentationofLinearSystems 87 OtherMethods 93 SystemDegreeofRedundancy 95 QuantificationofObservabilityandRedundancy 96 GraphsandCanonicalMatrices 100 NonlinearSystems 110 FullNonlinearSystems 120 Nomenclature 123 References 125 Chapter6.DesignandUpgradeofNonredundantand RedundantSensorNetworks...................................127 Introduction 127 Upgradeand/orDesignGoals 127 DesignforEstimability 128 Contents ix DesignforEstimabilityEfficiency 139 CompulsoryMeasurementsandtheUpgradeCase 140 SensorNetworksforBilinearSystems 142 Nomenclature 156 References 157 Chapter7.DataReconciliation .................................159 DataReconciliation 159 Background 159 LinearDataReconciliation 162 Steady-StateLinearDataReconciliation 163 NonlinearSteady-StateDataReconciliation 169 DynamicDataReconciliation 170 Nomenclature 171 References 172 Chapter8.DesignofPreciseSensorNetworks ................175 Introduction 175 Cost-OptimalDesign 175 MultipleInstrumentsandHardwareRedundancy 176 MaximumPrecisionModels 178 GeneralizedMaximumPrecisionModel 180 RelationBetweenSensorNetworkModels 181 SolutionProceduresforLinearSystems 183 ParameterEstimationinNonlinearSystems 184 Nomenclature 189 References 190 Chapter9.PrecisionUpgradeofSensorNetworks ............191 Introduction 191 UpgradeOptions 191 CostBenefitAnalysis 192 UpgradeModelsBasedonAdditionofSensors 192 ModelforResourceReallocation 198 GeneralizedModelforResourceReallocationandUpgrade 201 Nomenclature 209 References 209 Chapter10.ReliabilityofNonrepairable SensorNetworks ...............................................211 Introduction 211 SensorServiceAvailability 211
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