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ISSN0073-6767 A Proceedings of the Academy Indiana of Science Volume 100 Number1-2 ThePROCEEDINGSOFTHEINDIANAACADEMYOFSCIENCEisaquarterlyjournaldedicatedtopromote scientificresearch and the diffusionofscientific information; toencouragecommunication andcooperation amongscientists:andtoimproveeducationinthesciences. EDITOR GaryE.Dolph IndianaUniversityatKokomo 2300S.WashingtonSt. Kokomo,Indiana46904-9003 EDITORIALBOARD HansO.Andersen WiltonN.Melhorn IndianaUniversity PurdueUniversity RitaBan- PaulE.Rothrock PurdueUniversity TaylorUniversity ErnestE.Campaigne AlfredR.Schmidt IndianaUniversity Rose-HulmanInstitute ofTechnology WilliamR.Clark BallStateUniversity ThomasP.Simon UnitedStatesEnvironmental DonaldR.Cochran ProtectionAgency BallStateUniversity PaulM.Stewart RobertF.Dale IndianaUniversity-Purdue PurdueUniversity UniversityatFortWayne KaraW.Eberly MichaelTansey St.Mary'sCollege IndianaUniversity UweJ.Hansen RobertD.Waltz IndianaUniversity IndianaDepartmentofNaturalResources DarylR.Karns J.DanWebster HanoverCollege HanoverCollege N.GaryLane HarmonWeeks IndianaUniversity PurdueUniversity PaulC.MacMillan JohnO.Whitaker,Jr. HanoverCollege IndianaStateUniversity EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE CorneliusW.Pettinga President 1010E.86thStreet, Indianapolis C.V.Lovell President-elect PurdueUniversity JamesD.Haddock Secretary IndianaUniversity-PurdueUniversityat FortWayne EdwardL.Frazier Treasurer 5007W. 14thStreet,Speedway GeneKritsky DirectorofPublicRelations CollegeofMountSt.Joseph,Mount St.Joseph,Ohio GaryE.Dolph EditorofTheProceedings IndianaUniversityatKokomo WendellF.McBurney ImmediatePastPresident IndianaUniversity-PurdueUniversity atIndianapolis DonaldR.Winslow ExecutiveOfficer 1210EllistonDrive,Bloomington EXCHANGEITEMS: ItemssentinexchangeforthetheProceedings, andcorrespondenceconcerning exchangearrangements,shouldbesenttotheIndianaAcademyofScience,JohnS.WrightMemorial Library, 140NorthSenateAvenue,Indianapolis,Indiana46204. REPRINTSANDPERMISSIONS: WritetoExecutiveOfficer, 1210EllistonDrive,Bloomington,Indiana 47401. EDITORIALCORRESPONDENCE: All matterforpublicationshouldbeaddressedtotheEditor. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Founded 29 December 1885 • Volume 100 Number 1-2 1991 Published at Indianapolis, Indiana January 23, 1992 Copyright © 1991 by the Indiana Academy ofScience 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume 100, No. 1-2(1991) CONTENTS ANTHROPOLOGY Heilman, J., M. Martin Neely, and D.C. Cook. TRAUMA IN LATE WOOD- LAND CRANIA FROM ILLINOIS 1 BOTANY Marks, G.C. OLD CORN SEED (FRUIT) VIABILITY 1 Maxwell, R.H., G. Emmert, andJ. H. Martin. INDIANA PLANT DISTRIBU- TION RECORDS 15 CELL BIOLOGY Lehman, K.A., M.A. Lehman, and T.A. Cole. MOUSE EMBRYO VITRIFI- CATION 19 ECOLOGY Clifford, L.A., L.L. Garber, and V.L. Riemenschneider. WATER QUALITY SURVEY OF SPICER LAKE, ST. JOSEPH COUNTY, INDIANA 23 ENTOMOLOGY Foster, R.E. and T.J. Gibb. PROBLEMS IN COLORADO POTATO BEE- TLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) MANAGEMENT IN INDI- ANA 31 Gibb, T.J. SEED PREDATORS OF VELVETLEAF (MALVACEAE: ABUTI- LONTHEOPHRASTI WEED 39 ) Kritsky, G. and F.N. Young. OBSERVATIONS ON PERIODICAL CICA- DAS (BROOD XIII) IN INDIANA IN 1990 45 SCIENCE EDUCATION Schrock, J.R. TRENDS AND INITIATIVES IN SCIENCE EDUCATION IN INDIANA, 1988 49 ZOOLOGY Bandoli, J.H., J.T. Lanigan III, and T.A. Sheckles. REPRODUCTION IN THE SPOTTAIL DARTER IN INDIANA: USE OF ARTIFICIAL NEST SITES 65 Richards, R.L. THE ALTON MAMMOTH (MAMMUTHUS COLUMBI JEFFERSONII) LOCALITY, CRAWFORD COUNTY, SOUTH-CEN- TRAL INDIANA 77 Whitaker, J.O., Jr. ADDITIONS TOTHE LIST OF ECTOPARASITES OF THE MAMMALS OF INDIANA 91 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/proceedingsofinv100indi s ProceedingsoftheIndianaAcademyofScience (1991) VolumelOOp. 1-9 TRAUMA IN LATE WOODLAND CRANIA FROM ILLINOIS Jill Heilman, Melissa Martin Neely, and Delia Collins Cook Department ofAnthropology Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405 ABSTRACT: The Schildcemeteries located in Greene County, Illinois include aLate Woodland component ofnine mounds. We limited our sample to crania with 55% ofall elements present, resultinginatotalsampleof11 individuals. OurinvestigationoftheLateWoodlandyieldedtwelve cases of cranial trauma. Data sheets illustrating six cranial views (anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, right lateral, and left lateral) were used. The method ofrecording data onto the sheets consistedofcolor-codingallpresentelements,evidenceoftrauma,andfractures. Preservationand differentialweatheringmadeitdifficulttodiscernante-andpost-mortemfractures. Therefore,this investigationidentifiedbonebruises,celtwounds,healingfractures,andexcavatordamage. Wefind theoccurrenceofcranialtraumainthissampleat7.34%tobeindicativeoftheLateWoodlandtime period. INTRODUCTION In several of his reports on mortuary sites, Perino (1973a-c) has suggested that intervillage warfare was an important characteristic of Late Woodland society in the Midwest. His evidence for this claim includes burials with skull fractures, with projectile points embedded in bone, and with projectile points recovered from the area ofthe body cavity. His data were based on his field examination ofthe remains during excavation. In order to look more systematically for evidence relevant to Perino' interpretation ofhis data, we have examined the cleaned and reconstructed craniafrom theSchild Mounds,aLateWoodlandsiteinwhichPerino(1973b)identifiedfourburials with cranial injuries, for additional evidence of trauma that may have escaped his preliminary study. We have focused on cranial injuries because these are more likely than are other injuries to have resulted from interpersonal violence (Poison, 1965; Courville, 1967). MATERIALS AND METHODS Perino (1973b) identified 193 individual burials during his excavation ofnine Late Woodland mounds at the Schild site in Greene County, Illinois. An additional 135 individuals representedby partial skeletons were recognized during laboratory analysis oftheburials Perino recovered. A completecatalog ofelements, including age and sex determinations reported below, is on file at the Department of Anthropology, Indiana University. We examined all craniathat were at least55 percentcomplete andreconstructable. The resultant sample consisted of 110 crania. The inventory for the series includes 91 adult males, 90 adult females, and 147juveniles and adults ofindeterminate sex. Our sample of 110craniaincludes 39 males, 43 females, and 28 individuals 15 years ofage or less ofindeterminate sex. The sample is thus representative ofthe population with Anthropology: Heilman, Martin, Cook Vol. 100 (1991) respecttoage and sex. Inaddition, weexaminedthreeless completecraniathatPerino (1973b) identified as injured during his excavations. Data were recorded by plotting injuries and missing elements on forms showing anterior, posterior, superior, basilar, and left and right lateral views of the skull, supplemented with a written description of all injuries. We carefully distinguished among postmortem damage, time-of-death injuries, and healed or healing injuries. Damageoccurringlong afterdeathproduces fractureedgesperpendiculartothe surface ofvaultbone. Frequently,thesefractureshavecrumbledmargins, andthereislesscolor change from soil staining than on surrounding surfaces. Fractures occurring while soft tissues are still present aretypicallypartial and expanding, becausefreshbonewith soft tissues still attached is resilient, and flexes before fracturing. Such green orfissured fracturesmaycross sutures. Fractureedgesmaybedarkerthansurroundingbonedueto blood staining, although this degree of preservation is rare in most ancient remains. Injuries due to sharp implements produce depressed fractures ofthe outer table ofthe skull,orifsufficientlyforceful,defectsinthebonewithexpanding,beveledinneredges. Bluntforceinjurytotheintactheadischaracterizedbyfracturesradiatingfromthepoint ofimpact andby depression fractures concentric aboutthepointofimpact, producing a spiderweb appearance. Both kinds of instrumental fractures generally expand inward andhavebevelededgesobliquetothe skull surface (Poison, 1965; OrtnerandPutschar, 1981; Manchester, 1983; Berryman, Smith, and Symes, 1990). Healingcanbedetected from 7 to 20 days after fracture and is visible first as resorptive changes, followed by periostealnewboneformation(Murphy, etal, 1990) andeventualunionandconsolida- tion ifthe victim survives his injuries. RESULTS Ofthe 110 individuals in our sample, 12 exhibited cranial trauma (Table 1). Four are male, five are female, and three arejuveniles (one male and two of indeterminate sex). Theage and sexdistribution ofthesetraumacases arevirtually identicaltothatof Table 1. Schild Late Woodland cranial trauma by age and sex. AdultMales Adult Females Juveniles ~~ ~ Number Scored 39 43 28 Unhealed Trauma SM 3-25* SM3-19 SM 1-2 SM2-26A* SM4-9A SM3-28 SM9-5 SM 3-32A^ Healed Trauma SM 1-51 SM3-28 SM6-5Ca SM 3-32A* SM9-18a SM 1-46 Frequency Meeting .08 .07 Inclusion Criteria Frequency Adding .10 .11 Fragmentary Crania * Specimen tooincompleteto meetinclusioncriterion of55%recovery.Thespecimenwasdescribed because injuries wererecognizedby Perino (1973b) duringexcavation. s Vol. 100 (1991) Indiana Academy of Science the sample as a whole. Schild Mound 1, burial 2: Sharp implement injury, unhealed. Perino (1973b: 103) pointed out in his description ofthis eight to nine yearold child that: The skull...has two large-lenticular-shaped holes struck into the back portion with the bit ofa celt...The presence ofthe skull near the pelvis, instead ofin its normal articulated position, indicates that the child may have been decapitated with the head and body later buried together. That the lowerjaw was disarticulated might indicate the remains had thoroughly decomposed before burial. Our examination corroborates Perino's assessment. A 50 by 24 mm opening in the squamous occipital is intersectedby five radial cracks, two ofwhich cross suture lines. Their edges expand inward and show many minute hinge or step fractures, indicating that the bone was fresh at the time the fracture occurred. There is a second opening measuring42by 13mmintheposteriorleftparietal. Aradialcrackbeginninginthefirst openingendswithinwardlydisplacedmarginsatthesecondopening, indicatingthatthe second opening was produced by the second blow to the vault. Margins ofthe second opening bend inward, with many small, comminuted fragments still attached. Fracture edges expand inward and are soil-stained to a similar degree as the surrounding bone. Fracture lines moreorless parallel tothe coronal sutureontheanteriorportions ofboth parietals are similarly stained and may reflect compression ofthe vault resulting from the blows that produced the two openings. There is no evidence of healing. The openings conformin size and shape to the edges ofLate Woodland celts from a variety ofMidwestern sitesinthecollections oftheGlennA. BlackLaboratoryofArchaeology at Indiana University. Thus, the wounds are an example of a "signature fracture," in whichtheinjurycorresponds in shapetotheinstrumentthatproducedit (Poison, 1965). The skull is lacking both maxillae, the ethmoid, and the nasal bones. These elements could havebecome disarticulated, ifthe skull was separated from the remain- deroftheskeletonanddecayedelsewhere,asPerinosuggests. Onlythesecondandthird cervical vertebrae were recovered. Neither shows evidence of decapitation. The mandible was likely broken during excavation. This specimen is illustrated in Perino' report (1973b). SchildMound 1,burial46: Healedsuperficialinjury.Thisoldadultfemaleskull iscompleteexceptforthefaceandbasicranium. Therearefoursmall,healed,depressed lesionsnearthefrontalbossthatmayrepresenthealedbonebruisesorhealedsuperficial crush fractures. There is rodent gnawing in the right temporal. Perino mentions no disturbanceofthisflexed, articulatedburial,buthedoes notethatthegravewasonly 16 inches deep. The rodent gnawing is stained to the same extent as the surrounding bone and cannot be recent. Schild Mound 1, burial 51: Healed superficial injury. Two small, depressed lesions are present in the parietals of this male aged 42 to 47 years. The margins are indistinct, and the texture resembles the surrounding bone, indicating that these lesions mm arelong-healed. Thelesion intherightmid-parietal is about22by 10 in lengthand mm mm mm 2 indepth, whilethelesionintheleftparietal is about20 indiameterand 3 deep. Bothliemedialtothe superiortemporal lines andwerecoveredonlybythegalea aponeuroticaand scalpduringlife. Theareabetweenthesuperiortemporal lines shows generalized low-grade periosteal reaction. The depressed lesions are consistent with bluntforceinjurytothe outertableofthe vaultorwithpenetrating wounds tothe scalp, Anthropology: Heilman, Martin, Cook Vol. 100 (1991) resulting in either case in localized infection. SchildMound3,burial 19: Bluntforceinjury,unhealed.Thisspecimenconsists ofa frontal, right temporal, and fragments ofthe occipital, maxillas, and parietals. A green partial fracture in the frontal and left parietal of this 25 to 29 year-old female suggests a time-of-death injury. The fracture is evident only on the outer table and trabeculae of the vault. It begins at the frontal boss and extends across the coronal suture. Thecolorofthefracture edges isthe same as thecolorofthe surroundingbone, and the fracture edges are sharp. There are several other breaks in the frontal. These breaks are chalky in color, irregular in cross-section, and coarse. The breaks can be attributed to post-mortem damage. There is some periostitis ofthe external surface of thefrontalandofthefrontalprocessofthemaxillathatcanbeattributedtoaninfectious disease. Schild Mound 3, burial 25: Possibleunhealed cranialfracture. This specimen did notmeetoursampleinclusioncriteria,butwedescribeitbecauseitisoneofagroup offour clustered burials that Perino thinks may represent a single episode ofviolence. He describes this group as follows: The skulls ofBurials 26, 28, and 32 seemed to have been purposefully broken, for thefragmentsarelargeandnotbrokenatthesutures. MuchoftheskullofBurial32 was missing. The skull ofBurial 26 was split in two pieces; Burial 25 had a small projectilepointamongthebonesbutwastoobadlydecomposedforustoknow ifit hadbeenplacedtherewithmalicious intent. ItwillbenotedthatBurials 25, 26, 28, and 32 wereburiedneareachother, possibly atthe sametime. Itwill alsobe noted that, as in Mounds 1 and 2, the treatment accorded these individuals seems to have been intentional and such as is found during warfare and violent death...The evidence suggests that these individuals met deathby sharp-edged clubs swung by enemies (Perino, 1973b: 119-120). This extremely fragmentary adult male skull has a fracture line extending laterally across the mid-frontal that is patinated to the same extent as the surrounding vault surface. This may represent a time-of-death injury. Schild Mound 3, burial 26a: Unhealed cranial fracture. This female aged 44to 49 is represented by only the frontal and some facial fragments. Like the previous specimen,this skulldidnotmeetourinclusionrequirements. (Portionsofasecondskull (26b) were recovered with the burial but were not recognized as a second individual in the field.) There are four fractures radiating from the middle ofthe frontal and small partialfracturesofbothlateralmargins. Theradiatingfracturesextendposteriorlytothe coronal suture; however, as the parietals are missing, we do not know whether they extended further. These fractures appear to expand anteriorly. The frontal is warped aroundtheradiatingfracturesto suchadegreethatitcannotbereconstructed smoothly, suggesting that the fracture occurred while the bone was still green and flexible. Fracturesoftheleftmargincrossthefusedparstemporalesofthecoronal suture,further supporting Perino's interpretation. Schild Mound 3, burial 28: Unhealed cranial fracture, healed nasal fracture. This female aged 25 to 35 exhibits two distinct episodes of injury to the skull. The earliest episode consists of healed fractures of the nasals and nasal processes of both maxillae. Thesefracturesarecharacteristicofabluntforceinjurytothenoseduringlife. Fracture callus is smooth and confluent with the surrounding bone, suggesting that this