5101-258 DOE/JPL·1012-103 Flat-Plate Distribution Category UC-63b Solar Array Project Proceedings of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Project Research Forum on High-Efficiency Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells May 15,1985 Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy Through an Agreement with National Aeronautics and Space Administration by Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California JPL Publication 85-38 I . '~ 1 j I 1 ! by Prepared the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, for the U.S;'Depi!ortment of Energy through an agreement with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. : '.,. i , .~: -i The JPL FIat-Plate Solar Array Project is sponsored by the U.S. Department of ! Energy and is part of the National Photovoltaics Program to initiate a major ! effort toward the development of cost-competitive solar arrays. ~l This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the I United States Government. Neither the United 'States Government nor any II agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com pleteness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or j imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States , Government or any agency thereof. n This document reports on work done under NASA Task RE-152. Amendment 66, DOE/NASA lAA No. DE-AIOI-76ET20356. f I ! H ! ABSTRACT The High-Efficiency Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Research Forum was held on July 9-11, 1984, in Phoenix, Arizona. The Research Forum addressed high-efficiency concepts, surface-interface effects, bulk effects, modeling and device processing. These topics were arranged into six interactive sessions, which focused on the state-of-the-art of device structures, identification of barriers to achieve high-efficiency cells and potential ways to overcome these barriers. The Forum arrangement was intended to enable and encourage interaction and discussion among participants. Promising technical areas of future research are presented in these Proceedings. iii FOREWORD The High-Efficiency Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Research Forum was held at The PointA Hotel in Phoenix, Arizona July 9 through 11, 1984. It is my pleasure to introduce to you the papers contained in these Proceedings. All of the papers were invited (not submitted) from the best of a wealth of ~i I suggestions put forward and discussed by experts in the field and the Organizing conwittee. j The objectives of the Forum were to address theoretical solar cell conversion efficiency limitations, the state of the art of device structures, identification of barriers to achievement of high-efficiency cells, and potential ways to overcome the barriers, and to provide the opportunity for unrestricted technology exchange among those attending. The format used to achieve these objectives involved six intensive sessions. The discussion sections have been edited with the intent of enchancing the clarity and continuity of each discussion. This procedure makes these Proceedings a most valuable reference document containing definitive work by some of the best solar-cell experts in the world. This excellent collection of pspers, and the success of the Research Forum it reports, result from the efforts of a large number of dedicated people. I wish to record my gratitude to the Organizing Committee, the author's, the session chairmen, and many other supporting people for their hard work and friendship. Ram Kachare, Chairman of the Forum and Proceedings Editor PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED v PARTICIPANTS FLAT-PLATE SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT HIGH-EFFICIENCY CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELL RESEARCH FORUM ADDIS. F. William CHADI. D. James Joint Center for Graduate Study Xerox Palo Alto Research 100 Sprout Road 3333 Coyote Hills Road Richland. WA 99352 Palo Alto, CA 94304 (509) 375-3176 (415) 494-4136 ANNAN. R. H. "Bud" CHENG, Li-Jen U. S. Department of Energy Jet Propulsion Laboratory Forrestal Building. CE 333 4800 Oak Grove Drive. M.S. 238/343 1000 Independence Ave .• SW. 5E066 Pasadena, CA 91109 Washington. DC 20585 (818) 354-3068 BACKUS, Charles E. CISZEK, Ted Arizona State University Solar Energy Research institute Director, Engineering Research Center 1617 Cole Blvd. M.S. 16/3 Tempe, AZ 85287 Golden, CO 80401 (602) 965-1725 (303) 231-1769 BELL, Richard o. COLEMAN, Michael G. Mobil Solar Energy Corp. SOlavolt International 16 Hickory Drive P.O. Box 2934 Waltham, MA 02154 Phoenix, AZ 95062 (617) 890-0909 (602) 231-6455 BICKLER, Donald B. CROTTY, Gerald Jet Propulsion Laboratory Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 512/103 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 238/343 .Pasadena, CA 91109 Pasadena, CA 91109 (818) 577-9219 (818) 354-6294 BURGER. Dale R. CULIK, Jerry Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solarex Corp. 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 512/103 1335 Piccard Drive Pasadena. CA 91109 Rockville, MD 20850 (818) 577-9374 (301) 948-0202 CALLAGHAN, William T. DAUD, Taher Jet Propulsion Laboratory Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4800 Oak Grove Driv~. M.S. 502/422 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 238/343 Pasadena, CA Pasadena, CA91109 9ll0~ (818) 577-9517 (818) 354-5782 CAMPBELL, Robert DYER, Larry D. Westinghouse Electric Corp. Texas Instruments P.O. Box 10864 P.O. Box 84 Pittsburgh, PA 15236 Sherman, TX 75090 (412) 892-5600, X 5364 (219) 892-5351 vii P..RECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED »m: ~,,~---" ~~-'------"'------ FLOOD, Dennis KEA\f"NEY, Chris NASA Lewis Research Center Spire Corp. 21000 Brookpark Road PatL"iots Park Cleveland, OH 44135 Bedford, HA 01730 (216) 294-6303 (617) 275-6000 FONASH, Stephen KESLER, Matt Penn State Univerrsity Solavo1t International Engineering Sciences Programs P.O. Box 2934 University Park, PA 16802 Phoenix, AZ 85062 (814) 865-4931 (602) 231-6434 GRUNTHANER, Frank KING, David L. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Sandia National Laboratories 4800 Oak Grove Drive, 198/231 Kirtland AFG Base - East Pasadena, CA 91109 P.O. Box 5800, Div. 6224 (818) 354-5564 Albuquerque, NK 87185 (505) 844-8220 Jack HA.~OKA, Mobil Solar Energy Corp. KOLIWAD, Kris 16 Hickory Drive Jet Propulsion Laboratory Waltham, HA 02254 4800 Oak Grove Dri've, M.S. 238/343 (617) 890-0909 Pasadena, CA 91109 (818) 354-5197 ILES, Peter Applied Solar Energy Corp. T.AI, Stefan 15251 E. Don Julian Road Intel Corp. City of Industry, CA 91749 3065 Bowers Ave., M.S. SCl-277 (818) 963-6581 Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408) 987-5655 JOHNSON, Scott M. Solarex Corp. T... A MBE, John 1335 Piccard Driv~ Jet Propulsion Laboratory Rockville, MD 20850 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 122-123 (301) 948-0202 Pasadena, CA 91109 (818) 354-8238 KACHARE, Ram Jet Propu1si.on Laboratory LAMORTE, Michael F. 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 238/343 Research Triangle Institute Pasadena, CA 91109 P.O. Box 12194 (818) 354-4583 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (919) 541-6477 KARIUS, Siegfried National Research Council LANDSBERG, Peter T. Montreal Road University of Southampton Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA K1A OR6 Southampton, England SOG 5N4 (613) 993-2730 (011 44 703) 559122 KAZKERSKI, L."L. LEIPOLD, Martin H. Solar Energy Research Institute Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1617 Cole Blvd. 4800 Oak Grove Drive, K.S. 507/228 Golden, CO 80401 Pasadena, CA 91109 (303) 231-1115 (818) 577-9267 viii LESK. Arnie NEUGROSCHEL, Arnost Solavolt International University of Florida P.O. Box 2934 Electrical Engineering Phoenix. AZ 85062 Gainesville, FL 32611 (602) 231-6458 (904) 392-4949 LINDHOLM. Fredrik A. OLSEN, Larry C. University of Florida Joint Center for Graduate Study 4406 SW 17th Terrace 100 Sprout Road Gainesville. FL 32608 Richland, WA 99352 (904) 392-4929 (509) 375-3176 LINDMAYER. Joseph PEARCE, Charles W. Solarex Corp. AT&T Technology Systems 1335 Piccard Drive 555 Union Blvd., 323800 Rockville. MD 20850 Allentown. PA 18103 (301) 948-0202 (215) 439-7711 LOFERSI<.I, Joseph J. PHILJ. . lPS, Mary J. Brown University Jet Propulsion Laboratory Prof. of Engineering 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 502/422 Box D Pasadena, CA 91109 Providence, RI 02912 (818) 517-9096 (401) 863-2870 PRINCE, Dr. Morton MILSTEIN, Joseph U. S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Research Institute Forrestal Building, CE 333 1617 Cole Blvd. 1000 Independence Ave., SW, 5E066 Golden, CO 80401 Washington, DC 205S5 (303) 231-7299 (202) 252-1725 MINAHAN, Joseph A. PRYOR, Robert Spectrolab, Inc. Solavo1t International 12500 Gladstone Avenue P.O. Box 2934 Sylmar, CA 91342 Phoenix, AZ 85062 (SIS) 365-4611, XS72 (602) 231-6454 MOACANlN, Jovan RAl-CHOUDHURY, P. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Westinghouse Electric Corp. 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 122-123 1310 Beulah Road Pasadena, CA 91109 Pittsburgh, PA 15235 (412) 256-1891 MOKASHl, Anant R. Jet Propulsion Laboratory RALPH, Eugene L. 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 238/343 Hughes Aircraft Pasadena, CA 91109 6445 N. Willard Ave. (818) 354-6017 San Gabriel, CA 91775 (213) 647-8855 NATESH, Ram Materials Research, Inc. RAO, Hari 790 East 700 South Mobil Solar Elergy Corp. Centerville. UT 84014 4 Suburban Park Dr. (801) 298-4000 Billerica, MA 91821 (617) 893-8826 ix ROHATGI. Aj eet SCHUYLER, Terry W. Westinghouse Electric Corp. Solar Energy Research Institute 1310 Beulah Road 1617 Cole Blvd. Pittsburgh. PA 15235 Golden, C) 80404 (412) 256-1905 (303) 231-1106 ROSE. Ben SCHWARTZ, Richard Sandia Rational Laboratories Purdue University Kirtland AFG Base - East Electrical Engtg Department P.O. Box 5800. Div. 6224 West Lafayette, IN 47907 A1buquerque,NM 87185 (505) 846-4516 SCHWUTTKE, G.H. GHS Research & Development SAH, C. Tang 8162 East Del Pico Drive C. T. Sah Associates Scottsdale, AZ 85258 403 Pond Ridge Lane (602) 951-0422 Urbana, IL 61801 (211) 384-5205 SCOLARO, Anthony U. S. Department of Energy SAKIOTIS, Riek Forrestal Building, CE 333 Solavolt International 1000 Independence Ave., SW, 5E066 P.O. Box 2934 Washington, DC 20585 Phoenix, AZ 85062 (202) 252-5548 (602) 231-6449 SCOTT-MONCK. John A. SALTZMAN, Dennis Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solavolt International 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 125/231 P.O. Box 2934 Pasadena, CA 91109 Phoenix, AZ 85062 -(818) 354-7625 (602) 231-6441 SHIMADA, Katsunori SCHMIDT. Wilfried Jet Propulsion Laboratory Telefunken Electronic GmbH 4800 Oak Grive Drive, M.S. 50717.28 Theresienstr. 2 Pasadena, CA 91109 Heilbronn, West Germany 7100 (818) 577-9626 (07131) 882-665 SIRTL, Erhard SCHMIT. Rusty GMBH Heliot~onic Sob.volt International Johannes-Hess-&trasse 24 P.O. Box 2934 8263 Burghausen, West Germany Phoenix, AZ 80562 08677-83-2580 (602) 231- 6436 SMOKLER. Melvin I. SCHRODER. Dieter K. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Arizona State University 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 507/201 Electrical Engineering Department Pasadena, CA 91109 Tempe, AZ 85287 (818) 577-9238 (602) 965-6621 SOPORI, Bhushan SCHUMACHER. Joseph C. Solavolt International J. C. Schumacher Co. f.,0. Box 2934 580 Airport Road Phoenix, SZ 85062 Oceans ide. CA 92054 (602) 231- 6446 (619) 433-1663 x SPITZER, Mark von ROOS, Oldwig Spire Corp. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Patriots Park 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 512/103 Bedford, MA 01730 Pasadena, CA 91109 (617) 275-6000 (818) 577-9994 SUREK, Thomas WEINKEISTER, Roger Solar Energy Research Institute Solavolt International Program Office Henager P.O. Box 2934 1617 Cole Blvd. Phoenix, AZ 85062 Golden, CO 80401 (602) 231- 6427 (303) 231-1371 WOLF, Martin SWANSON, Richard M. of Pennsylvania Unive~sity Associate Professor 304 Moore, D-2 Stanford University, Stanford Elec. Labs Philadelphia, PA 19104 McCullough 204 (215) 898-4822 Stanford, CA 94305 (415) 497-0804 YOO, Henry ARCO Solar, Inc. TAN, Teh Y. P.O. Box 4400 IBM Corp. General Technology Div1sion Woodland Hills, CA 91365 Z-40E (805) 484-7981 Hopewell Heights, NY 12533 (914) 894-3140 TODOROF, William Alternative Energy Systems, Inc. 20442 Sun Valley Drive Laguna Beach, CA 92651 (714) 494-9433 TURNER, Gary B. ARCO Solar, Inc. P.O. Box 4400 Woodland Hills, CA 91365 I (818) 700-7159 I TUSTIN, David G. I Jet Propulsion Laboratory I 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 502/422 ,1 ,~ t! Pasadena, CA 91109 [\ (818) 577-9096 I VANN, Hank VB ARCO Solar, Inc. P.O. Box 4400 Woodland Hills, CA 91365 (805) 489-7981 xi I CONTENTS SESSION I OVERVIEW (H. Prince, U.S. Department of Energy, Chairman) 3 Historical Perspective of Barriers to Achieving High-Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells (J. Lindmayer, Solarex Corp) ..•...•• 7 Some Aspects of the Hinority Carriers Lifetime in Silicon (P. Landsberg, University of Southampton) 13 Review of Recombination. phenomena in High-Efficiency Solar Cells (C.T. Sah, C.T. Sah Associates) 37 SESSION II HIGH-EFFICIENCY CONCEPTS (H. Wolf, University of Pennsylvania, Chairman) Silicon Solar Cell Efficiency Improvement: Status and Outlook (H. Wolf, University of Pennsylvania) 53 Some Practical Considerations for Economical Back Contact Formation on High-Efficiency Solar Cells (A. Lesk, Solavolt International) . • . . . . . . . . . • • .. 77 High-Efficiency Cell Concepts on Low-Cost Silicon Sheet (R. Bell, Mobil Solar Energy Corp.) 87 High Lifetime Silicon Processing (R. Swanson, Stanford University) 107 Silicon HINP Solar Cells (L. Olsen, Univer·sity of Washington, Joint Center for Graduate Study) 123 DINNER SPEAKER High-Efficiency Solar Cell Research for Space Applications (D. Flood, NASA Lewis Research Center) . 147 P.RECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILJ.\1ED xiii
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