Proceedings of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Project Research Forum on High-Efficiency Crystalline ...

500 Pages·2011·30.22 MB·English

5101-258 DOE/JPL·1012-103
Flat-Plate Distribution Category UC-63b
Solar Array Project
Proceedings of the Flat-Plate Solar
Array Project Research Forum on
High-Efficiency Crystalline Silicon
Solar Cells
May 15,1985
Prepared for
U.S. Department of Energy
Through an Agreement with
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
by
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California
JPL Publication 85-38
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Prepared the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
for the U.S;'Depi!ortment of Energy through an agreement with the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration.
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The JPL FIat-Plate Solar Array Project is sponsored by the U.S. Department of
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Energy and is part of the National Photovoltaics Program to initiate a major
! effort toward the development of cost-competitive solar arrays.
~l This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the
I United States Government. Neither the United 'States Government nor any
II agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or
implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com
pleteness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade
name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or
j imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States
Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors
expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
, Government or any agency thereof.
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This document reports on work done under NASA Task RE-152. Amendment
66, DOE/NASA lAA No. DE-AIOI-76ET20356.
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ABSTRACT
The High-Efficiency Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Research Forum was
held on July 9-11, 1984, in Phoenix, Arizona. The Research Forum addressed
high-efficiency concepts, surface-interface effects, bulk effects, modeling
and device processing. These topics were arranged into six interactive
sessions, which focused on the state-of-the-art of device structures,
identification of barriers to achieve high-efficiency cells and potential ways
to overcome these barriers. The Forum arrangement was intended to enable and
encourage interaction and discussion among participants. Promising technical
areas of future research are presented in these Proceedings.
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FOREWORD
The High-Efficiency Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Research Forum
was held at The PointA Hotel in Phoenix, Arizona July 9 through 11, 1984. It
is my pleasure to introduce to you the papers contained in these Proceedings.
All of the papers were invited (not submitted) from the best of a wealth of
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I suggestions put forward and discussed by experts in the field and the
Organizing conwittee.
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The objectives of the Forum were to address theoretical solar cell
conversion efficiency limitations, the state of the art of device structures,
identification of barriers to achievement of high-efficiency cells, and
potential ways to overcome the barriers, and to provide the opportunity for
unrestricted technology exchange among those attending. The format used to
achieve these objectives involved six intensive sessions.
The discussion sections have been edited with the intent of
enchancing the clarity and continuity of each discussion. This procedure
makes these Proceedings a most valuable reference document containing
definitive work by some of the best solar-cell experts in the world.
This excellent collection of pspers, and the success of the Research
Forum it reports, result from the efforts of a large number of dedicated
people. I wish to record my gratitude to the Organizing Committee, the
author's, the session chairmen, and many other supporting people for their hard
work and friendship.
Ram Kachare,
Chairman of the Forum
and Proceedings Editor
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PARTICIPANTS
FLAT-PLATE SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT
HIGH-EFFICIENCY CRYSTALLINE
SILICON SOLAR CELL RESEARCH FORUM
ADDIS. F. William CHADI. D. James
Joint Center for Graduate Study Xerox Palo Alto Research
100 Sprout Road 3333 Coyote Hills Road
Richland. WA 99352 Palo Alto, CA 94304
(509) 375-3176 (415) 494-4136
ANNAN. R. H. "Bud" CHENG, Li-Jen
U. S. Department of Energy Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Forrestal Building. CE 333 4800 Oak Grove Drive. M.S. 238/343
1000 Independence Ave .• SW. 5E066 Pasadena, CA 91109
Washington. DC 20585 (818) 354-3068
BACKUS, Charles E. CISZEK, Ted
Arizona State University Solar Energy Research institute
Director, Engineering Research Center 1617 Cole Blvd. M.S. 16/3
Tempe, AZ 85287 Golden, CO 80401
(602) 965-1725 (303) 231-1769
BELL, Richard o. COLEMAN, Michael G.
Mobil Solar Energy Corp. SOlavolt International
16 Hickory Drive P.O. Box 2934
Waltham, MA 02154 Phoenix, AZ 95062
(617) 890-0909 (602) 231-6455
BICKLER, Donald B. CROTTY, Gerald
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Jet Propulsion Laboratory
4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 512/103 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 238/343
.Pasadena, CA 91109 Pasadena, CA 91109
(818) 577-9219 (818) 354-6294
BURGER. Dale R. CULIK, Jerry
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solarex Corp.
4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 512/103 1335 Piccard Drive
Pasadena. CA 91109 Rockville, MD 20850
(818) 577-9374 (301) 948-0202
CALLAGHAN, William T. DAUD, Taher
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Jet Propulsion Laboratory
4800 Oak Grove Driv~. M.S. 502/422 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 238/343
Pasadena, CA Pasadena, CA91109
9ll0~
(818) 577-9517 (818) 354-5782
CAMPBELL, Robert DYER, Larry D.
Westinghouse Electric Corp. Texas Instruments
P.O. Box 10864 P.O. Box 84
Pittsburgh, PA 15236 Sherman, TX 75090
(412) 892-5600, X 5364 (219) 892-5351
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FLOOD, Dennis KEA\f"NEY, Chris
NASA Lewis Research Center Spire Corp.
21000 Brookpark Road PatL"iots Park
Cleveland, OH 44135 Bedford, HA 01730
(216) 294-6303 (617) 275-6000
FONASH, Stephen KESLER, Matt
Penn State Univerrsity Solavo1t International
Engineering Sciences Programs P.O. Box 2934
University Park, PA 16802 Phoenix, AZ 85062
(814) 865-4931 (602) 231-6434
GRUNTHANER, Frank KING, David L.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Sandia National Laboratories
4800 Oak Grove Drive, 198/231 Kirtland AFG Base - East
Pasadena, CA 91109 P.O. Box 5800, Div. 6224
(818) 354-5564 Albuquerque, NK 87185
(505) 844-8220
Jack
HA.~OKA,
Mobil Solar Energy Corp. KOLIWAD, Kris
16 Hickory Drive Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Waltham, HA 02254 4800 Oak Grove Dri've, M.S. 238/343
(617) 890-0909 Pasadena, CA 91109
(818) 354-5197
ILES, Peter
Applied Solar Energy Corp. T.AI, Stefan
15251 E. Don Julian Road Intel Corp.
City of Industry, CA 91749 3065 Bowers Ave., M.S. SCl-277
(818) 963-6581 Santa Clara, CA 95051
(408) 987-5655
JOHNSON, Scott M.
Solarex Corp. T... A MBE, John
1335 Piccard Driv~ Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Rockville, MD 20850 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 122-123
(301) 948-0202 Pasadena, CA 91109
(818) 354-8238
KACHARE, Ram
Jet Propu1si.on Laboratory LAMORTE, Michael F.
4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 238/343 Research Triangle Institute
Pasadena, CA 91109 P.O. Box 12194
(818) 354-4583 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
[phone]
KARIUS, Siegfried
National Research Council LANDSBERG, Peter T.
Montreal Road University of Southampton
Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA K1A OR6 Southampton, England SOG 5N4
(613) 993-2730 (011 44 703) 559122
KAZKERSKI, L."L. LEIPOLD, Martin H.
Solar Energy Research Institute Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1617 Cole Blvd. 4800 Oak Grove Drive, K.S. 507/228
Golden, CO 80401 Pasadena, CA 91109
(303) 231-1115 (818) 577-9267
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LESK. Arnie NEUGROSCHEL, Arnost
Solavolt International University of Florida
P.O. Box 2934 Electrical Engineering
Phoenix. AZ 85062 Gainesville, FL 32611
(602) 231-6458 (904) 392-4949
LINDHOLM. Fredrik A. OLSEN, Larry C.
University of Florida Joint Center for Graduate Study
4406 SW 17th Terrace 100 Sprout Road
Gainesville. FL 32608 Richland, WA 99352
(904) 392-4929 (509) 375-3176
LINDMAYER. Joseph PEARCE, Charles W.
Solarex Corp. AT&T Technology Systems
1335 Piccard Drive 555 Union Blvd., 323800
Rockville. MD 20850 Allentown. PA 18103
(301) 948-0202 (215) 439-7711
LOFERSI<.I, Joseph J. PHILJ. . lPS, Mary J.
Brown University Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Prof. of Engineering 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 502/422
Box D Pasadena, CA 91109
Providence, RI 02912 (818) 517-9096
(401) 863-2870
PRINCE, Dr. Morton
MILSTEIN, Joseph U. S. Department of Energy
Solar Energy Research Institute Forrestal Building, CE 333
1617 Cole Blvd. 1000 Independence Ave., SW, 5E066
Golden, CO 80401 Washington, DC 205S5
(303) 231-7299 (202) 252-1725
MINAHAN, Joseph A. PRYOR, Robert
Spectrolab, Inc. Solavo1t International
12500 Gladstone Avenue P.O. Box 2934
Sylmar, CA 91342 Phoenix, AZ 85062
(SIS) 365-4611, XS72 (602) 231-6454
MOACANlN, Jovan RAl-CHOUDHURY, P.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Westinghouse Electric Corp.
4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 122-123 1310 Beulah Road
Pasadena, CA 91109 Pittsburgh, PA 15235
(412) 256-1891
MOKASHl, Anant R.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory RALPH, Eugene L.
4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 238/343 Hughes Aircraft
Pasadena, CA 91109 6445 N. Willard Ave.
(818) 354-6017 San Gabriel, CA 91775
(213) 647-8855
NATESH, Ram
Materials Research, Inc. RAO, Hari
790 East 700 South Mobil Solar Elergy Corp.
Centerville. UT 84014 4 Suburban Park Dr.
(801) 298-4000 Billerica, MA 91821
(617) 893-8826
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ROHATGI. Aj eet SCHUYLER, Terry W.
Westinghouse Electric Corp. Solar Energy Research Institute
1310 Beulah Road 1617 Cole Blvd.
Pittsburgh. PA 15235 Golden, C) 80404
(412) 256-1905 (303) 231-1106
ROSE. Ben SCHWARTZ, Richard
Sandia Rational Laboratories Purdue University
Kirtland AFG Base - East Electrical Engtg Department
P.O. Box 5800. Div. 6224 West Lafayette, IN 47907
A1buquerque,NM 87185
(505) 846-4516 SCHWUTTKE, G.H.
GHS Research & Development
SAH, C. Tang 8162 East Del Pico Drive
C. T. Sah Associates Scottsdale, AZ 85258
403 Pond Ridge Lane (602) 951-0422
Urbana, IL 61801
(211) 384-5205 SCOLARO, Anthony
U. S. Department of Energy
SAKIOTIS, Riek Forrestal Building, CE 333
Solavolt International 1000 Independence Ave., SW, 5E066
P.O. Box 2934 Washington, DC 20585
Phoenix, AZ 85062 (202) 252-5548
(602) 231-6449
SCOTT-MONCK. John A.
SALTZMAN, Dennis Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Solavolt International 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 125/231
P.O. Box 2934 Pasadena, CA 91109
Phoenix, AZ 85062 -(818) 354-7625
(602) 231-6441
SHIMADA, Katsunori
SCHMIDT. Wilfried Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Telefunken Electronic GmbH 4800 Oak Grive Drive, M.S. 50717.28
Theresienstr. 2 Pasadena, CA 91109
Heilbronn, West Germany 7100 (818) 577-9626
(07131) 882-665
SIRTL, Erhard
SCHMIT. Rusty GMBH
Heliot~onic
Sob.volt International Johannes-Hess-&trasse 24
P.O. Box 2934 8263 Burghausen, West Germany
Phoenix, AZ 80562 08677-83-2580
(602) 231- 6436
SMOKLER. Melvin I.
SCHRODER. Dieter K. Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Arizona State University 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 507/201
Electrical Engineering Department Pasadena, CA 91109
Tempe, AZ 85287 (818) 577-9238
(602) 965-6621
SOPORI, Bhushan
SCHUMACHER. Joseph C. Solavolt International
J. C. Schumacher Co. f.,0. Box 2934
580 Airport Road Phoenix, SZ 85062
Oceans ide. CA 92054 (602) 231- 6446
(619) 433-1663
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SPITZER, Mark von ROOS, Oldwig
Spire Corp. Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Patriots Park 4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 512/103
Bedford, MA 01730 Pasadena, CA 91109
(617) 275-6000 (818) 577-9994
SUREK, Thomas WEINKEISTER, Roger
Solar Energy Research Institute Solavolt International
Program Office Henager P.O. Box 2934
1617 Cole Blvd. Phoenix, AZ 85062
Golden, CO 80401 (602) 231- 6427
(303) 231-1371
WOLF, Martin
SWANSON, Richard M. of Pennsylvania
Unive~sity
Associate Professor 304 Moore, D-2
Stanford University, Stanford Elec. Labs Philadelphia, PA 19104
McCullough 204 (215) 898-4822
Stanford, CA 94305
(415) 497-0804 YOO, Henry
ARCO Solar, Inc.
TAN, Teh Y. P.O. Box 4400
IBM Corp. General Technology Div1sion Woodland Hills, CA 91365
Z-40E (805) 484-7981
Hopewell Heights, NY 12533
(914) 894-3140
TODOROF, William
Alternative Energy Systems, Inc.
20442 Sun Valley Drive
Laguna Beach, CA 92651
(714) 494-9433
TURNER, Gary B.
ARCO Solar, Inc.
P.O. Box 4400
Woodland Hills, CA 91365
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(818) 700-7159
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TUSTIN, David G.
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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4800 Oak Grove Drive, M.S. 502/422
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,~ t! Pasadena, CA 91109
[\ (818) 577-9096
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VANN, Hank VB
ARCO Solar, Inc.
P.O. Box 4400
Woodland Hills, CA 91365
(805) 489-7981
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CONTENTS
SESSION I
OVERVIEW
(H. Prince, U.S. Department of Energy, Chairman) 3
Historical Perspective of Barriers to
Achieving High-Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells
(J. Lindmayer, Solarex Corp) ..•...•• 7
Some Aspects of the Hinority Carriers Lifetime
in Silicon
(P. Landsberg, University of Southampton) 13
Review of Recombination. phenomena in
High-Efficiency Solar Cells
(C.T. Sah, C.T. Sah Associates) 37
SESSION II
HIGH-EFFICIENCY CONCEPTS
(H. Wolf, University of Pennsylvania, Chairman)
Silicon Solar Cell Efficiency Improvement:
Status and Outlook
(H. Wolf, University of Pennsylvania) 53
Some Practical Considerations for Economical
Back Contact Formation on High-Efficiency
Solar Cells
(A. Lesk, Solavolt International) . • . . . . . . . . . • • .. 77
High-Efficiency Cell Concepts on Low-Cost
Silicon Sheet
(R. Bell, Mobil Solar Energy Corp.) 87
High Lifetime Silicon Processing
(R. Swanson, Stanford University) 107
Silicon HINP Solar Cells
(L. Olsen, Univer·sity of Washington,
Joint Center for Graduate Study) 123
DINNER SPEAKER
High-Efficiency Solar Cell Research for
Space Applications
(D. Flood, NASA Lewis Research Center) . 147
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