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Proceedings of the 61st Conference of Metallurgists, COM 2022 Proceedings of the 61st Conference of Metallurgists, COM 2022 Proceedings of the 61st Conference of Metallurgists, COM 2022 Metallurgy and Materials Society of CIM Metallurgy and Materials Society of CIM Westmount, QC, Canada ISBN 978-3-031-17424-7 ISBN 978-3-031-17425-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17425-4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Thank you to our proceedings sponsors. COM 2022 Organizing Committee and Symposium Organizers Conference Chair Janice Zinck, Geoscience and Mines, Government of Nova Scotia Secretary Roki Fukuzawa, Hatch Student Activities Sidney Omelon, McGill University “Big Idea” Transformational R&D Plenary Chair Sumanth Shankar, McMaster University Symposium Organizers Advances in Materials Manufacturing VI – Existing and Emerging Materials Chair: Peng Peng, University of Waterloo Yu Zou, University of Toronto Daolun Chen, Ryerson University Abu Syed Kabir, Carleton University Xialiang Jin, University of British Columbia Priti Wanjara, National Research Council Canada viii COM 2022 Organizing Committee and Symposium Organizers Javad Gholipour Baradari, National Research Council Canada Clodualdo Aranas, University of New Brunswick Deep Decarbonization Pathways for Pyrometallurgical Processes: Opportunities & Challenges Chair: Elmira Moosavi, École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS) Sina Mostaghel, SNC-Lavalin Jafar Safarian, Norwegian University of Science and Technology In-Ho Jung, SNU, South Korea Isabelle Nolet, Hatch, South Africa Electrochemical Degradation of Multi-Component Materials Chair: Penghao Xiao, Dalhousie University James Noël, Western University Chongyin Yang, Dalhousie University Michael Metzger, Dalhousie University Energy and Environmental Materias Chair: Jinhyuk Lee, McGill University Yu Zou, University of Toronto Light Metals for the Transportation Industry Chair: Mihaiela Isac, McGill University Julie Lévesque, Québec Metallurgy Centre Dimitry Sediako, University of British Columbia Abdallah Elsayed, University of Guelph Jessica Hiscocks, Kingston Process Metallurgy Mohsen Mohammadi, University of New Brunswick Roderick Guthrie, McGill University Carsten Siemers, Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Braunschweig Sumanth Shankar, McMaster University Processing of Critical Materials Co-Chair: Niels Verbaan, SGS Natural Resources, Metallurgy and Consulting Co-Chair: Mike Johnson, SGS Natural Resources Gisele Azimi, University of Toronto John Goode, J.R. Goode and Associates Ian London, C2M2A Towards Sustainable Circularity: Mining to Materials Co-Chair: Brittany MacKinnon, Hatch Co-Chair: Christopher Pickles, Queen’s University Charlotte Gibson, Queen’s University Qian Zhang, Queen’s University Roki Fukuzawa, Hatch Karen Chovan, Enviro Integration Strategies Inc. Margarete Kalin, Boojum Research Limited Gillian Holcroft, Canada Mining Innovation Council Douglas Kao, Artisanal Gold Council Laurie Reemeyer, Resourceful Pathways Lorena Tere, Apple Peer Reviewers We gratefully acknowledge the time and expertise generously provided by our volun- teer peer reviewers. Advances in Materials Manufacturing VI – Existing and Emerging Materials Peng Peng, University of Waterloo Deep Decarbonization Pathways for Pyrometallurgical Processes: Opportunities & Challenges Elmira Moosavi, École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS) Sina Mostaghel, SNC-Lavalin Isabelle Nolet, Hatch Jafar Safarian, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Electrochemical Degradation of Multi-Component Materials Penghao Xiao, Dalhousie University Energy and Environmental Materials Jinhyuk Lee, McGill University Light Metals for the Transportation Industry Abdallah Elsayed, University of Guelph Roderick Guthrie, McGill University Jessica Hiscocks, Kingston Process Metallurgy Inc. Mihaiela Isac, McGill University Julie Lévesque, Québec Metallurgy Centre Mohsen Mohammadi, University of New Brunswick Carsten Siemers, Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Braunschweig Processing of Critical Materials Gisele Azimi, University of Toronto Jean-François Boulanger, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue Alex Cao, Euro Manganese Mike Dry, Arithmetek Alex Forstner, Cyclic Materials x Peer Reviewers John Goode, J.R. Goode and Associates Sunil Jayasekera, SJ Mets Mike Johnson, SGS Natural Resources Wenying Liu, University of British Columbia William Mercer, Bill Mercer Consulting Georgiana Moldoveanu, University of Toronto Ron Molnar, MetNetH2O Inc. Yemi Oyediran, NOK Associates Limited Niels Verbaan, SGS Natural Resources Ben Yu, National Research Council Canada Towards Sustainable Circularity: Mining to Materials Roki Fukuzawa, Hatch Charlotte Gibson, Queen’s University Bryn Harris, Independent Consultant Gillian Holcroft, Canada Mining Innovation Council Margarete Kalin, Boojum Research Limited Britt MacKinnon, Hatch Chris Pickles, Queen’s University Samira Sokhanvaran, Hatch Lorena Tere, Apple Qian Zhang, Queen’s University Contents Part I Advances in Materials Manufacturing VI – Existing and Emerging Materials Al Alloys and Manufacturing Processes for Lightweight Applications in Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Anita Hu, Henry Hu, Yuxian Li, Sufeng Liu, and Wutian Shen Laser Powder Bed Fusion of M789 Steel on Wrought N709 Steel Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Kudakwashe Nyamuchiwa, Yuan Tian, Kanwal Chadha, and Clodualdo Aranas Jr Monotonic and Cyclic Deformation Behavior of a Silafont®-36 Cast Aluminum Alloy in an Overaged Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 S. S. Dash, D. J. Li, X. Q. Zeng, D. Y. Li, and D. L. Chen Fabrication of Thin Rotary Tools Through a Combination of Cross-Rolling and Austempering-Tempering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 H. M. Shirazi, R. Georges, B. Ugulino, R. Hernández, and C. Blais Heat Treatment of Multi-Material Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel and Stellite Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Jubert Pasco, Yuan Tian, Kanwal Chadha, and Clodualdo Aranas Jr. Microstructural Characterization of Pack-Borided H13 Tool Steel Processed Using Directed Energy Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Owen Craig, Riley Roache, and Kevin Plucknett Influence of Layer Thickness Upon the Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Roughness of AISI D2 Tool Steel Manufactured Using Directed Energy Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 S. M. T. Omar and K. P. Plucknett