Problem solving in enzyme biocatalysis

346 Pages·2014·13.977 MB·English

by  Illanes, Andrés;Vera, Carlos;Wilson, Lorena

Problem Solving in Enzyme Biocatalysis

Problem Solving in
Enzyme Biocatalysis
(cid:1)
ANDRES ILLANES, LORENAWILSONAND CARLOS VERA
School of Biochemical Engineering
Universidad Cat(cid:1)olica de Valpara´ıso, Chile
This edition first publishe d 2014
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Illanes,Andr(cid:1)es.
Problemsolvinginenzymebiocatalysis/Andre´sIllanes,LorenaWilson,CarlosVera.
pagescm
Includesindex.
ISBN978-1-118-34171-1(hardback)
1. Enzymes–Biotechnology. 2. Biocatalysis. 3. Enzymekinetics. 4. Enzymes–Industrialapplications. I. Wilson,
Lorena. II. Vera,Carlos. III. Title.
TP248.65.E59I452013
5720.7–dc23
2013029486
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:9781118341711
Setin10/12pt,TimesbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
Contents
Preface ix
Nomenclature xi
EpsilonSoftwareInformation xxi
Acknowledgement xxv
1 FactsandFiguresinEnzymeBiocatalysis 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 EnzymeProperties 1
1.1.2 EnzymeApplications 2
1.2 EnzymesasProcessCatalysts 3
1.3 EvolutionofEnzymeBiocatalysis:FromHydrolysistoSynthesis 5
1.4 TheEnzymeMarket:FiguresandOutlook 6
References 7
2 EnzymeKineticsinaHomogeneousSystem 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.1.1 ConceptandDeterminationofEnzymeActivity 11
2.1.2 DefinitionofaUnitofActivity 13
2.1.3 MeasurementofEnzymeActivity 13
2.2 TheoryofEnzymeKinetics 14
2.3 Single-SubstrateReactions 17
2.3.1 KineticsofEnzymeInhibition 18
2.4 Multiple-SubstrateReactions 19
2.4.1 ReactionMechanisms 19
2.4.2 KineticsofEnzymeReactionswithTwoSubstrates 20
2.5 Multiple-EnzymeReactions 21
2.6 DeterminationofKineticParameters 22
2.7 EffectsofOperationalVariablesonEnzymeKinetics 24
2.7.1 EffectsofpH 25
2.7.2 EffectsofTemperature 26
SolvedProblems 29
SupplementaryProblems 72
References 84
3 EnzymeKineticsinaHeterogeneousSystem 87
3.1 Introduction 87
vi Contents
3.2 ImmobilizationofEnzymes 87
3.2.1 ImmobilizationonSolidSupports(Carrier-BoundSystems) 88
3.2.2 ImmobilizationbyContainment 89
3.2.3 ImmobilizationinCarrier-FreeSystems 89
3.2.4 ParametersofEnzymeImmobilization 90
3.2.5 OptimizationofEnzymeImmobilization 91
3.3 Mass-TransferLimitationsinEnzymeCatalysis 92
3.3.1 PartitionEffects 93
3.3.2 ExternalDiffusionalRestrictionsinImperviousBiocatalysts 94
3.3.3 InternalDiffusionalRestrictionsinPorousBiocatalysts 97
3.4 DeterminationofIntrinsicKineticandMass-TransferParameters 102
3.4.1 EDR 102
3.4.2 IDR 104
SolvedProblems 105
SupplementaryProblems 127
References 138
4 EnzymeReactorDesignandOperationunderIdealConditions 141
4.1 ModesofOperationandReactorConfigurations 141
4.2 DefinitionofIdealConditions 142
4.3 StrategyforReactorDesignandPerformanceEvaluation 143
4.4 MathematicalModelsforEnzymeKinetics,ModesofOperation,
andReactorConfigurationsunderIdealConditions 143
4.4.1 BatchEnzymeReactor 144
4.4.2 ContinuousEnzymeReactors 148
SolvedProblems 157
SupplementaryProblems 174
References 179
5 EnzymeReactorDesignandOperationunderMass-Transfer
Limitations 181
5.1 SequentialBatchandContinuouslyOperatedReactorswith
ImmobilizedEnzymes 182
5.2 MathematicalModelsforEnzymeKinetics,ModesofOperation,
andReactorConfigurationsunderMass-TransferLimitations 183
SolvedProblems 185
SupplementaryProblems 198
6 EnzymeReactorDesignandOperationunderBiocatalystInactivation 203
6.1 MechanisticallyBasedMathematicalModelsofEnzymeInactivation 203
6.2 EffectofCatalyticModulatorsonEnzymeInactivation 205
6.3 MathematicalModelsforDifferentEnzymeKinetics,Modesof
Operation,andReactorConfigurationsunderBiocatalystInactivation 206
6.3.1 NonmodulatedEnzymeInactivation 206
6.3.2 ModulatedEnzymeInactivation 209
Contents vii
6.4 MathematicalModelsforEnzymeKinetics,ModesofOperation,
andReactorConfigurationsunderSimultaneousMass-Transfer
LimitationsandEnzymeInactivation 212
6.5 StrategiesforReactorOperationunderBiocatalystInactivation 213
SolvedProblems 215
SupplementaryProblems 233
References 240
7 OptimizationofEnzymeReactorOperation 243
7.1 StrategyfortheOptimizationofEnzymeReactorPerformance 244
7.1.1 ObjectiveFunction 244
7.1.2 VariablesforOptimizationofEnzymeReactorPerformance 246
7.1.3 DeterminationofOptimumTemperature 247
7.2 MathematicalProgrammingforStaticOptimization 247
7.3 DynamicProgramming 248
7.4 StatisticalOptimizationbySurfaceResponseMethodology 249
7.4.1 AssessingtheQualityofSRManditsParameters 251
7.4.2 ProcessOptimizationbySRM 252
SolvedProblems 254
SupplementaryProblems 272
References 275
AppendixA MathematicalMethods 277
A.1. Newton’sMethod 277
A.2. CurveFittingbyLeastSquares 280
A.2.1 LinearRegression 280
A.2.2 NonlinearRegression 286
A.3. SolvingOrdinaryDifferentialEquations 296
A.3.1 SolvingFirst-OrderOrdinaryDifferentialEquationsbythe
SeparationofVariables 296
A.3.2 SolvingFirst-OrderOrdinaryDifferentialEquationsUsingan
IntegrationFactor 297
A.3.3 SolvingSecond-andHigher-OrderLinearHomogeneous
DifferentialEquationswithConstantCoefficientsUsing
theirCharacteristicEquations 298
A.3.4 SolvingSecond-andHigher-OrderLinearHomogeneous
DifferentialEquationswithVariableCoefficients 301
A.4. NumericalMethodsforSolvingDifferentialEquations 302
A.4.1 TheEulerMethod 302
A.4.2 TheFourth-OrderRunge–KuttaMethod 303
A.4.3 TheFinite-DifferenceMethod 303
References 310
Index 311