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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. NINTH EdITIoN Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Probability and Statistics for Engineering © 2016, 2012, 2009, Cengage Learning and the Sciences, Ninth Edition WCN: 02-200-203 Jay L. Devore ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Locate your local office at www.cengage.com/global. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2014 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. To my beloved grandsons Philip and Elliot, who are highly statistically significant. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents 1 Overview and Descriptive Statistics Introduction 1 1.1 Populations, Samples, and Processes 3 1.2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descriptive Statistics 13 1.3 Measures of Location 29 1.4 Measures of Variability 36 Supplementary Exercises 47 Bibliography 51 2 Probability Introduction 52 2.1 Sample Spaces and Events 53 2.2 Axioms, Interpretations, and Properties of Probability 58 2.3 Counting Techniques 66 2.4 Conditional Probability 75 2.5 Independence 85 Supplementary Exercises 91 Bibliography 94 3 Discrete Random Variables and Probability Distributions Introduction 95 3.1 Random Variables 96 3.2 Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables 99 3.3 Expected Values 109 3.4 The Binomial Probability Distribution 117 3.5 Hypergeometric and Negative Binomial Distributions 126 3.6 The Poisson Probability Distribution 131 Supplementary Exercises 137 Bibliography 140 vii Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii Contents 4 Continuous Random Variables and Probability Distributions Introduction 141 4.1 Probability Density Functions 142 4.2 Cumulative Distribution Functions and Expected Values 147 4.3 The Normal Distribution 156 4.4 The Exponential and Gamma Distributions 170 4.5 Other Continuous Distributions 177 4.6 Probability Plots 184 Supplementary Exercises 193 Bibliography 197 5 Joint Probability Distributions and Random Samples Introduction 198 5.1 Jointly Distributed Random Variables 199 5.2 Expected Values, Covariance, and Correlation 213 5.3 Statistics and Their Distributions 220 5.4 The Distribution of the Sample Mean 230 5.5 The Distribution of a Linear Combination 238 Supplementary Exercises 243 Bibliography 246 6 Point Estimation Introduction 247 6.1 Some General Concepts of Point Estimation 248 6.2 Methods of Point Estimation 264 Supplementary Exercises 274 Bibliography 275 7 Statistical Intervals Based on a Single Sample Introduction 276 7.1 Basic Properties of Confidence Intervals 277 7.2 Large-Sample Confidence Intervals for a Population Mean and Proportion 285 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.