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Prisons and Imprisonment: An Introduction PDF

321 Pages·2023·4.202 MB·English
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An Introduction CORMAC BEHAN & ABIGAIL STARK Prisons and Imprisonment Cormac Behan · Abigail Stark Prisons and Imprisonment An Introduction Cormac Behan Abigail Stark School of Social Sciences, Law, and School of Justice Education University of Central Lancashire Technological University Dublin Preston, UK Dublin, Ireland ISBN 978-3-031-09300-5 ISBN 978-3-031-09301-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09301-2 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover credit: eStudio Calamar This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents 1 Introduction ............................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................... 1 1.2 Why Prisons and Imprisonment? ........................... 2 1.3 Outline of the Book ..................................... 3 1.4 Using Prisons and Imprisonment ........................... 5 1.5 A Note on Language .................................... 6 1.6 Geographic Scope ...................................... 7 1.7 Prisons, Imprisonment and Society ......................... 8 References/Further Reading ................................... 9 Part I Punishment and Prison 2 The Prison Emerges ........................................ 13 2.1 Introduction ........................................... 13 2.2 Punishment Before the Prison ............................. 14 2.3 The Search for the ‘Model’ Prison Begins .................... 17 2.4 From Imprisonment to Confinement ........................ 25 2.5 Conclusion ............................................ 26 References/Further Reading ................................... 28 3 Justifying Imprisonment as Punishment ....................... 31 3.1 Introduction ........................................... 31 3.2 Justifying Punishment ................................... 32 3.3 Retributivism .......................................... 32 3.4 Consequentialism ....................................... 34 3.5 Conclusion ............................................ 46 References/Further Reading ................................... 47 v vi Contents 4 Who Is Punished? .......................................... 51 4.1 Introduction ........................................... 51 4.2 A Place for the Most Dangerous and Violent Law-Breakers? ..... 52 4.3 The Unequal Distribution of Punishment and Imprisonment ..... 54 4.4 The Ripple Effects—Further Marginalising the Marginalised? .... 63 4.5 Conclusion ............................................ 67 References/Further Reading ................................... 68 Part II Understanding the Experiences of the Prison 5 Life, Culture and Adaptation in Prison ........................ 75 5.1 Introduction ........................................... 75 5.2 Power, Relationships and Culture .......................... 76 5.3 The Origins of Prison Culture—Deprivation vs. Importation ..... 78 5.4 A Universal Culture for a Single Prison Community? ........... 88 5.5 Conclusion ............................................ 89 References/Further Reading ................................... 90 6 The Gendered Nature of Imprisonment ........................ 93 6.1 Introduction ........................................... 93 6.2 Gender, Punishment and Confinement of Women .............. 94 6.3 Imprisonment of Women in a Global Context ................. 95 6.4 Who Are the Women Being Imprisoned? ..................... 96 6.5 Women’s Experience of Imprisonment ...................... 97 6.6 Masculinity and Imprisonment ............................ 104 6.7 The Imprisonment of Transgender People .................... 106 6.8 Conclusion ............................................ 108 References/Further Reading ................................... 109 7 Prisoners and Protest ....................................... 115 7.1 Introduction ........................................... 115 7.2 Structure, Agency and Resistance .......................... 116 7.3 Uprisings, Strikes and Disturbances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 7.4 Prisoners’ Rights Movements .............................. 124 7.5 Resistance: Outside and Inside ............................. 126 7.6 Conclusion ............................................ 130 References/Further Reading ................................... 130 8 Prison in Popular Culture ................................... 135 8.1 Introduction ........................................... 135 8.2 Prisons and News Media ................................. 136 8.3 Prison Films and TV Drama ............................... 139 Contents vii 8.4 Documentaries as a Window into Life Inside? ................. 148 8.5 Conclusion ............................................ 150 References/Further Reading ................................... 151 Part III The Penal Framework 9 Prisoners’ Rights ........................................... 157 9.1 Introduction ........................................... 157 9.2 Punishment and Civil Death ............................... 158 9.3 Human Rights and Imprisonment .......................... 159 9.4 Prison Rules and Prisoners’ Rights ......................... 161 9.5 ‘Rights on the Books’ and ‘Rights in Action’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 9.6 Prisoners and Civil Rights ................................ 169 9.7 Conclusion ............................................ 172 References/Further Reading ................................... 173 10 Governing Prisons .......................................... 177 10.1 Introduction ........................................... 177 10.2 Prisons and Social Order ................................. 178 10.3 Prison Rules and Daily Life ............................... 180 10.4 Regime and Routine ..................................... 183 10.5 Oversight, Monitoring and Legitimacy ...................... 185 10.6 Self-Governance and Social Order .......................... 188 10.7 Conclusion ............................................ 191 References/Further Reading ................................... 192 11 Working in Prison .......................................... 195 11.1 Introduction ........................................... 195 11.2 The Demographics of Prison Staff .......................... 196 11.3 The Role(s) of a Prison Officer ............................ 197 11.4 Staff-Prisoner Relationships and Prison Work ................. 198 11.5 The Working Conditions and Challenges of Prison Work ........ 203 11.6 Prison Officer Culture ................................... 206 11.7 Conclusion ............................................ 207 References/Further Reading ................................... 209 12 The Architecture of Incarceration ............................. 213 12.1 Introduction ........................................... 213 12.2 Symbolism and Structure ................................. 214 12.3 International Standards ................................... 216 12.4 Place and Space ........................................ 219 12.5 Improving the Penal Environment .......................... 221 viii Contents 12.6 New Prisons—Old Philosophies? .......................... 223 12.7 Conclusion ............................................ 226 References/Further Reading ................................... 228 Part IV Politics and Penality 13 Comparative Penology ...................................... 233 13.1 Introduction ........................................... 233 13.2 Imprisonment Worldwide ................................. 234 13.3 Assessing Punitiveness ................................... 237 13.4 Comparing Penal Systems ................................ 240 13.5 Conclusion ............................................ 250 References/Further Reading ................................... 252 14 The Future of the Prison .................................... 257 14.1 Introduction ........................................... 257 14.2 The Possibility of a Better Prison: Arguments for Reform ....... 258 14.3 The Limitations of Reform and the Case for Prison Abolition .... 262 14.4 A World Without Prisons? The Barriers to Abolition ........... 266 14.5 Alternatives to Prisons and Imprisonment .................... 270 14.6 Reflecting on Your Reading so Far: Where Next for Prisons and Imprisonment? ...................................... 273 References/Further Reading ................................... 275 Part V Researching Prisons and Imprisonment 15 Prison Research: Methods, Approaches and Sources ............. 281 15.1 Introduction ........................................... 281 15.2 Prisoners on Imprisonment ............................... 282 15.3 Telling Their Own Story ................................. 283 15.4 The Prison Researcher ................................... 286 15.5 Evaluating Sources ...................................... 288 15.6 Conclusion ............................................ 295 Appendix 1: Prisoner Autobiographies ........................... 296 Appendix 2: Online Resources for Researching Prisons and Imprisonment ........................................... 297 References/Further Reading ................................... 303 Glossary ..................................................... 305 Index ........................................................ 309 Abbreviations ACA American Correctional Association ACLU American Civil Liberties Union BAME Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic BPP Black Panther Party CPT European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment CR Critical Resistance CSC Close Supervision Centre ECHR European Convention on Human Rights ECtHR European Court of Human Rights EPR European Prison Rules FNP Foreign National Prisoner GRC Gender Recognition Certificate HMICFRS His Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services HMIP His Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons HMP His Majesty’s Prison HMPPS His Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service HMPS His Majesty’s Prison Service HMYOI His Majesty’s Young Offender Institution ICPR Institute for Crime and Justice Policy Research ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights IEP Incentives and Earned Privileges IMB Independent Monitoring Board IPP Imprisonment for Public Protection IRA Irish Republican Army ix x Abbreviations IWOC Incarcerated Workers’ Organising Committee IWW Industrial Workers of the World JLS Jailhouse Lawyers Speak KPI Key Performance Indicator LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender LWOP Life Without Parole MOJ Ministry of Justice NPA National Prison Association NPM National Preventative Mechanism OPCAT United Nations Optional Protocol on the Convention Against Torture POA Prison Officers Association P-NOMIS Prison National Offender Management Information System PPO Prisons and Probation Ombudsman PRI Penal Reform International PROP Union for the Preservation of the Rights of Prisoners PRT Prison Reform Trust PSI Prison Service Instruction PSO Prison Service Order ROTL Release on Temporary Licence SDG Sustainable Development Goal TC Therapeutic Community UN United Nations UNDHR Universal Declaration on Human Rights UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services UNSMR United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners VPU Vulnerable Prisoner Unit WHO World Health Organization WSPU Women’s Social and Political Union

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