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PRINCIPLES OF SPREAD-SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS This page intentionally left blank PRINCIPLES OF SPREAD-SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS By DON TORRIERI Springer eBookISBN: 0-387-22783-0 Print ISBN: 0-387-22782-2 ©2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print ©2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Boston All rights reserved No part of this eBook maybe reproducedor transmitted inanyform or byanymeans,electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Springer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.springerlink.com and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com To My Family This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xi 1 Channel Codes 1 1.1 Block Codes 1 Error Probabilities for Hard-Decision Decoding 6 Error Probabilities for Soft-Decision Decoding 12 Code Metrics for Orthogonal Signals 18 Metrics and Error Probabilities for MFSK Symbols 21 Chernoff Bound 25 1.2 Convolutional Codes and Trellis Codes 27 Trellis-Coded Modulation 37 1.3 Interleaving 39 1.4 Concatenated and Turbo Codes 40 Classical Concatenated Codes 41 Turbo Codes 42 1.5 Problems 52 1.6 References 53 2 Direct-Sequence Systems 55 2.1 Definitions and Concepts 55 2.2 Spreading Sequences and Waveforms 58 Random Binary Sequence 58 Shift-Register Sequences 60 Periodic Autocorrelations 65 Polynomials over the Binary Field 70 Long Nonlinear Sequences 74 2.3 Systems with PSK Modulation 77 Tone Interference at Carrier Frequency 80 General Tone Interference 81 Gaussian Interference 83 2.4 Quaternary Systems 86 2.5 Pulsed Interference 91 2.6 Despreading with Matched Filters 100 Noncoherent Systems 106 Multipath-Resistant Coherent System 109 viii CONTENTS 2.7 Rejection of Narrowband Interference 113 Time-Domain Adaptive Filtering 114 Transform-Domain Processing 117 Nonlinear Filtering 119 Adaptive ACM filter 123 2.8 Problems 125 2.9 References 127 3 Frequency-Hopping Systems 129 3.1 Concepts and Characteristics 129 3.2 Modulations 134 MFSK 134 Soft-Decision Decoding 136 Narrowband Jamming Signals 141 Other Modulations 142 Hybrid Systems 151 3.3 Codes for Partial-Band Interference 152 Reed-Solomon Codes 154 Trellis-Coded Modulation 161 Turbo Codes 161 3.4 Frequency Synthesizers 166 Direct Frequency Synthesizer 166 Digital Frequency Synthesizer 167 Indirect Frequency Synthesizers 170 3.5 Problems 176 3.6 References 177 4 Code Synchronization 181 4.1 Acquisition of Spreading Sequences 181 Matched-Filter Acquisition 184 4.2 Serial-Search Acquisition 185 Uniform Search with Uniform Distribution 190 Consecutive-Count Double-Dwell System 191 Single-Dwell and Matched-Filter Systems 192 Up-Down Double-Dwell System 192 Penalty Time 193 Other Search Strategies 194 Density Function of the Acquisition Time 197 Alternative Analysis 197 4.3 Acquisition Correlator 201 4.4 Code Tracking 209 4.5 Frequency-Hopping Patterns 214 Matched-Filter Acquisition 214 Serial-Search Acquisition 221 Tracking System 226 4.6 Problems 228 CONTENTS ix 4.7 References 229 5 Fading of Wireless Communications 231 5.1 Path Loss, Shadowing, and Fading 231 5.2 Time-Selective Fading 233 Fading Rate and Fade Duration 240 Spatial Diversity and Fading 241 5.3 Frequency-Selective Fading 243 Channel Impulse Response 245 5.4 Diversity for Fading Channels 247 Optimal Array 247 Maximal-Ratio Combining 251 Bit Error Probabilities for Coherent Binary Modulations 253 Equal-Gain Combining 261 Selection Diversity 270 5.5 Rake Receiver 275 5.6 Error-Control Codes 281 Diversity and Spread Spectrum 289 5.7 Problems 290 5.8 References 291 6 Code-Division Multiple Access 293 6.1 Spreading Sequences for DS/CDMA 294 Orthogonal Sequences 295 Sequences with Small Cross-Correlations 297 Symbol Error Probability 301 Complex-Valued Quaternary Sequences 302 6.2 Systems with Random Spreading Sequences 306 Direct-Sequence Systems with PSK 306 Quadriphase Direct-Sequence Systems 314 6.3 Wideband Direct-Sequence Systems 317 Multicarrier Direct-Sequence System 318 Single-Carrier Direct-Sequence System 321 Multicarrier DS/CDMA System 324 6.4 Cellular Networks and Power Control 326 Intercell Interference of Uplink 329 Outage Analysis 333 Local-Mean Power Control 336 Bit-Error-Probability Analysis 340 Impact of Doppler Spread on Power-Control Accuracy 343 Downlink Power Control and Outage 347 6.5 Multiuser Detectors 349 Optimum Detectors 350 Decorrelating detector 352 Minimum-Mean-Square-Error Detector 356 Interference Cancellers 358