Principles of Space-Time Adaptive Processing (IET Radar, Sonar, Navigation and Avionics)

670 Pages·2006·17.72 MB·English

by  Richard Klemm

IETRADAR,SONAR,NAVIGATION
ANDAVIONICSSERIES21
SeriesEditors:DrN.Stewart
ProfessorH.Griffiths
Principles of Space-
Time Adaptive
Processing
3rd Edition
Othervolumesinthisseries:
Volume1 OptimisedradarprocessorsA.Farina(Editor)
Volume2 Radardevelopmentto1945R.W.Burns(Editor)
Volume3 WeibullradarclutterM.SekineandY.H.Mao
Volume4 AdvancedradartechniquesandsystemsG.Galati(Editor)
Volume7 UltrawidebandradarmeasurementsL.Yu.AstaninandA.A.Kostylev
Volume8 Aviationweathersurveillancesystems:advancedradar
andsurfacesensorsforflightsafetyandairtrafficmanagementP.Mahapatra
Volume10 RadartechniquesusingarrayantennasW.D.Wirth
Volume11 AirandspaceborneradarsystemsP.Lacomme,
J.C.Marchais,J.P.HardangeandE.Normant
Volume12 Principlesofspace-timeadaptiveprocessing,2ndeditionR.Klemm
Volume13 IntroductiontoRFStealthD.Lynch
Volume14 Applicationsofspace-timeadaptiveprocessingR.Klemm(Editor)
Volume15 Groundpenetratingradar,2ndeditionD.J.Daniels(Editor)
Volume16 TargetdetectionbymarineradarJ.Briggs
Volume17 Strapdown inertial navigation technology, 2nd edition D. H. Titterton and
J.L.Weston
Volume18 IntroductiontoradartargetrecognitionP.Tait
Volume19 RadarimagingandholographyA.PasmurovandS.Zinoviev
Principles of Space-
Time Adaptive
Processing
3rd Edition
By Richard Klemm
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
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Klemm,Richard
Principlesofspace-timeadaptiveprocessing.–3rded.–
(Radar,sonar,navigations&avionics;no.21)
1.Movingtargetindicatorradar2.Adaptivesignalprocessing
I.TitleII.InstitutionofElectricalEngineers
(cid:1)
621.3848
ISBN(10digit)0863415660
ISBN(13digit)978-086341-566-1
TypesetinIndiabyNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd,Chennai,India
PrintedintheUKbyMPGBooksLtd,Bodmin,Cornwall
To my dear Eka

Contents
Biography xv
Prefacetothe(cid:2)rstedition xvii
Prefacetothesecondedition xxi
Prefacetothethirdedition xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Preliminaryremarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 BasicsofMTIradar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 One-dimensionalcluttercancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.3 Aspectsofair-andspaceborneradar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.4 Impactofplatformmotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.5 Somenotesonphasedarrayradar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1.6 Systemsandexperiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.7 Validityofmodels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1.8 Historicaloverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2 Radarsignalprocessingtools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2.1 Theoptimumprocessor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2.2 Orthogonalprojection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.3 Linearsubspacetransforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.2.4 Cluttersuppressionwithdigital(cid:2)lters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.2.5 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.2.6 Angleorfrequencydomainprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.3 Spectralestimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.3.1 Signalmatch(SM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.3.2 Minimumvarianceestimator,MVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.3.3 Maximumentropymethod,MEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.3.4 Orthogonalprojection,MUSIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.3.5 Comparisonofspectralestimators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
viii Contents
2 Signalandinterferencemodels 51
2.1 Transmitandreceiveprocess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.2 TheDopplereffect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3 Space-timesignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3.1 Thespatialdimension:arraygeometry . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3.2 Thetemporaldimension:pulsetrains . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.4 Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.4.1 Groundclutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.4.2 Movingclutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.4.3 Jamming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.4.4 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.5 Decorrelationeffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.5.1 Temporaldecorrelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.5.2 Spatialdecorrelation:effectofsystembandwidth . . . . . . . 63
2.5.3 Dopplerspreadwithinrangegate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.5.4 SystemDopplerspread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.5.5 Totalcorrelationmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.6 Thestandardparameterset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.6.1 Multiple-timearoundclutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.6.2 Remarkonimagequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3 Propertiesofairborneclutter 71
3.1 Space-Dopplercharacteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1.1 Isodops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1.2 Doppler-azimuthcluttertrajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.2 Thespace-timecovariancematrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.2.1 Thecomponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.2.2 Thedisplacedphasecentreantenna(DPCA)principle . . . . 86
3.2.3 Eigenspectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.3 Powerspectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3.1 Fourierspectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.3.2 High-resolutionspectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.4 Effectofradarparametersoninterferencespectra . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.4.1 Arrayorientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.4.2 Temporalandspatialsampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.4.3 Decorrelationeffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.4.4 Clutterandjammerspectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.5 Aspectsofadaptivespace-timeclutterrejection . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.5.1 Illustrationoftheprinciple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.5.2 Someconclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Contents ix
4 Fullyadaptivespace-timeprocessors 121
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.2 Generaldescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.2.1 Theoptimumadaptiveprocessor(OAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.2.2 Theorthogonalprojectionprocessor(OPP) . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.3 Optimumprocessingandmotioncompensation . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.3.1 PrincipleofRFmotioncompensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.3.2 Correctionpatterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.3.3 Interrelationwiththeoptimumprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.4 In(cid:3)uenceofradarparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.4.1 Transmitbeamwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.4.2 Arrayandsamplesize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.4.3 Samplingeffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.4.4 In(cid:3)uenceoftheCNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.4.5 Bandwidtheffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.4.6 Movingclutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.5 Range-DopplerIFmatrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5 Space-timesubspacetechniques 159
5.1 Principleofspace-timesubspacetransforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.2 Theauxiliaryeigenvectorprocessor(AEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.2.1 Comparisonwiththeoptimumadaptiveprocessor(OAP) . . . 165
5.2.2 Reductionofthenumberofchannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5.2.3 Bandwidtheffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.3 Auxiliarychannelprocessor(ACP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.3.1 Comparisonwithoptimumprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.3.2 Reductionofthenumberofchannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.3.3 Bandwidtheffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.4 Otherspace-timetransforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.4.1 Singleauxiliaryelementsandechosamplestransform . . . . 173
5.4.2 Space-timesamplesubgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.4.3 Space-timeblockingmatrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5.4.4 TheJDL-GLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5.5 Aspectsofimplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.5.1 Generalproperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.5.2 Auxiliaryeigenvectorprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.5.3 Auxiliarychannelprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6 Spatialtransformsforlineararrays 179
6.1 Subarrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.1.1 Overlappinguniformsubarrays(OUS). . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.1.2 Effectofsubarraydisplacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.1.3 Non-uniformsubarrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.2 Auxiliarysensortechniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191