Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text

1193 Pages·2012·135.95 MB·English

by  Raymond A. Serway

This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
FIFTH EDITION
Principles
of Physics
A CALCULUS-BASED TEXT
Raymond A. Serway
John W. Jewett, Jr.
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Principles of Physics, Fifth Edition © 2013, 2006, 2002 by Raymond A. Serway
Raymond A. Serway
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
John W. Jewett, Jr.
may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means
Publisher, Physical Sciences: Mary Finch graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying,
recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks,
Publisher, Physics and Astronomy: Charles Hartford
or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under
Development Editor: Ed Dodd Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior
Associate Development Editor: Brandi Kirksey written permission of the publisher.
Editorial Assistant: Brendan Killion
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Senior Media Editor: Rebecca Berardy Schwartz
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
Marketing Manager: Jack Cooney
For permission to use material from this text or product,
Marketing Coordinator: Julie Stefani submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Marketing Communications Manager: Further permissions questions can be emailed to
[email protected]
Darlene Macanan
Senior Content Project Manager: Cathy Brooks
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011937185
Senior Art Director: Cate Rickard Barr
Student Edition: Instructor’s Edition:
Print Buyer: Diane Gibbons
Manufacturing Planner: Doug Bertke ISBN-13: 978-1-133-10426-1 ISBN-13: 978-1-133-10999-0
Rights Acquisition Specialist: ISBN-10: 1-133-10426-6 ISBN-10: 1-133-10999-3
Shalice Shah-Caldwell
Production Service: MPS Limited, a Macmillan
Brooks/Cole
Company
20 Channel Center Street
Compositor: MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company Boston, MA 02210
Text Designer: Brian Salisbury USA
Cover Designer: Brian Salisbury
Cover Images: Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with
offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom,
• Child prepares for proton therapy at the Roberts
Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at
Proton Therapy Center in Philadelphia, PA:
international.cengage.com/region
Copyright © 2011 Ed Cunicelli
• A full moon rises through an iridescent len-
ticular cloud at Mt. Rainier: © Caren Brinkema/ Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.
Science Faction/Getty Images
• Supernova remnant: NASA For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com.
• Infi nity Bridge on the River Tees: © Paul Downing/ Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred
Flickr Select/Getty Images online store www.cengagebrain.com.
Instructors: Please visit login.cengage.com and log in to access
instructor-specifi c resources.
We dedicate this book to our wives Elizabeth and
Lisa and all our children and grandchildren for
their loving understanding when we spent time on
writing instead of being with them.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11
Welcome to your MCAT Test Preparation Guide M
C
The MCAT Test Preparation Guide makes your copy of Principles of Physics, Fifth Edition, the most comprehensive
A
MCAT study tool and classroom resource in introductory physics. The grid, which begins below and continues on the
next two pages, outlines twelve concept-based study courses for the physics part of your MCAT exam. Use it to prepare T
for the MCAT, class tests, and your homework assignments.
T
e
s
Vectors Force t

P
Skill Objectives: To calculate distance, calculate Skill Objectives: To know and understand Newton’s r
e
angles between vectors, calculate magnitudes, laws, to calculate resultant forces and weight.
p
and to understand vectors.
a
Review Plan:
r
Review Plan: a
Newton’s Laws: Chapter 4
t
Distance and Angles: Chapter 1 j Sections 4.1–4.6 i
o
j Section 1.6 j Quick Quizzes 4.1–4.6
n
j Active Figure 1.4 j Example 4.1

j Chapter Problem 33 j Chapter Problem 7 G
u
Using Vectors: Chapter 1 Resultant Forces: Chapter 4
i
j Sections 1.7–1.9 j Section 4.7 d
j Quick Quizzes 1.4–1.8 j Quick Quiz 4.7 e
j Examples 1.6–1.8 j Example 4.6
j Active Figures 1.9, 1.16 j Chapter Problems 29, 37
j Chapter Problems 34, 35, 43, 44, 47, 51
Gravity: Chapter 11
j Section 11.1
Motion
j Quick Quiz 11.1
j Chapter Problem 5
Skill Objectives: To understand motion in two
dimensions, to calculate speed and velocity, to
Equilibrium
calculate centripetal acceleration, and
acceleration in free fall problems.
Skill Objectives: To calculate momentum and
impulse, center of gravity, and torque.
Review Plan:
Motion in 1 Dimension: Chapter 2 Review Plan:
j Sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7
Momentum: Chapter 8
j Quick Quizzes 2.3–2.6
j Section 8.1
j Examples 2.1, 2.2, 2.4–2.9
j Quick Quiz 8.2
j Active Figure 2.12
j Examples 8.2, 8.3
j Chapter Problems 3, 5,13, 19, 21, 29, 31, 33
Impulse: Chapter 8
Motion in 2 Dimensions: Chapter 3
j Sections 8.2–8.4
j Sections 3.1–3.3
j Quick Quizzes 8.3, 8.4
j Quick Quizzes 3.2, 3.3
j Examples 8.4, 8.6
j Examples 3.1–3.4
j Active Figures 8.8, 8.9
j Active Figures 3.5, 3.7, 3.10
j Chapter Problems 5, 9, 11, 17, 21
j Chapter Problems 1, 11, 13
Torque: Chapter 10
Centripetal Acceleration: Chapter 3 j Sections 10.5, 10.6
j Sections 3.4, 3.5 j Quick Quiz 10.7
j Quick Quizzes 3.4, 3.5 j Example 10.8
j Example 3.5 j Chapter Problems 23, 30
j Active Figure 3.14
j Chapter Problems 23, 31
iii
Work Matter
Skill Objectives: To calculate friction, work, Skill Objectives: To calculate density, pressure,
kinetic energy, power, and potential energy. specifi c gravity, and fl ow rates.
Review Plan: Review Plan:
Friction: Chapter 5 Density: Chapters 1, 15
j Section 5.1 j Sections 1.1, 15.2
j Quick Quizzes 5.1, 5.2
Pressure: Chapter 15
Work: Chapter 6 j Sections 15.1–15.4
j Section 6.2 j Quick Quizzes 15.1–15.4
j Chapter Problems 3, 5 j Examples 15.1, 15.3
j Chapter Problems 2, 11, 23, 27, 31
Kinetic Energy: Chapter 6
j Section 6.5 Flow Rates: Chapter 15
j Example 6.6 j Section 15.6
j Quick Quiz 15.5
Power: Chapter 7
j Section 7.6
j Chapter Problem 29 Sound
Potential Energy: Chapters 6, 7
Skill Objectives: To understand interference of
j Sections 6.6, 7.2
waves, calculate properties of waves, the speed of
j Quick Quiz 6.6
sound, Doppler shifts, and intensity.
Chapter 7
j Chapter Problem 3
Review Plan:
Waves Sound Properties: Chapters 13, 14
e
j Sections 13.2, 13.3, 13.6, 13.7, 14.3
d
Skill Objectives: To understand interference of waves, j Quick Quizzes 13.2, 13.4, 13.7
i
u to calculate basic properties of waves, properties j Example 14.3
G of springs, and properties of pendulums. j Active Figures 13.6, 13.7, 13.9, 13.22, 13.23
Chapter 13
n
Review Plan: j Problems 11, 15, 28, 34, 41, 45
o
Chapter 14
i Wave Properties: Chapters 12, 13
t j Problem 27
a j Sections 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2
r j Quick Quiz 13.1 Interference/Beats: Chapter 14
a
j Examples 12.1, 13.2 j Sections 14.1, 14.5
p
j Active Figures 12.1, 12.2, 12.6, 12.8, 12.11 j Quick Quiz 14.6
e
Chapter 13 j Active Figures 14.1–14.3, 14.12
r
P j Problem 7 j Chapter Problems 9, 45, 46

t Pendulum: Chapter 12
s
j Sections 12.4, 12.5
e
T j Quick Quizzes 12.5, 12.6
j Example 12.5
T
A j Active Figure 12.13
j Chapter Problem 35
C
M Interference: Chapter 14
j Sections 14.1, 14.2
j Quick Quiz 14.1
j Active Figures 14.1–14.3
iv
M
C
Light Circuits
A
T
Skill Objectives: To understand mirrors and Skill Objectives: To understand and calculate

lenses, to calculate the angles of refl ection, to use current, resistance, voltage, and power, and to T
e
the index of refraction, and to fi nd focal lengths. use circuit analysis.
s
t
Review Plan: Review Plan:
P
Refl ection: Chapter 25 Ohm’s Law: Chapter 21 r
e
j Sections 25.1–25.3 j Sections 21.1, 21.2
p
j Example 25.1 j Quick Quizzes 21.1, 21.2
a
j Active Figure 25.5 j Examples 21.1, 21.2 r
j Chapter Problem 8 a
Refraction: Chapter 25
t
j Sections 25.4, 25.5 Power and Energy: Chapter 21 i
o
j Quick Quizzes 25.2–25.5 j Section 21.5
n
j Example 25.2 j Quick Quiz 21.4

j Chapter Problems 8, 16 j Examples 21.4 G
j Active Figure 21.11 u
Mirrors and Lenses: Chapter 26
j Chapter Problems 21, 25, 31 i
j Sections 26.1–26.4 d
j Quick Quizzes 26.1–26.6 Circuits: Chapter 21 e
j Thinking Physics 26.2 j Sections 21.6–21.8
j Examples 26.1–26.5 j Quick Quizzes 21.5–21.7
j Active Figures 26.2, 26.25 j Examples 21.6–21.8
j Chapter Problems 27, 30, 33, 37 j Active Figures 21.14, 21.15, 21.17
j Chapter Problems 31, 39, 47
Electrostatics
Skill Objectives: To understand and calculate the Atoms
electric fi eld, the electrostatic force, and the
electric potential. Skill Objectives: To understand decay processes
and nuclear reactions and to calculate half-life.
Review Plan:
Review Plan:
Coulomb’s Law: Chapter 19
j Sections 19.2–19.4 Atoms: Chapters, 11, 29
j Quick Quiz 19.1–19.3 j Section 11.5
j Examples 19.1, 19.2 j Sections 29.1–29.6
j Active Figure 19.7 Chapter 11
j Chapter Problems 3, 9 j Problems 37–43, 61
Electric Field: Chapter 19 Decays: Chapter 30
j Sections 19.5, 19.6 j Sections 30.3, 30.4
j Quick Quizzes 19.4, 19.5 j Quick Quizzes 30.3–30.6
j Active Figures 19.11, 19.20, 19.22 j Examples 30.3–30.6
j Active Figures 30.8–30.11, 30.13, 30.14
Potential: Chapter 20
j Chapter Problems 18, 23, 25
j Sections 20.1–20.3
j Examples 20.1, 20.2 Nuclear Reactions: Chapter 30
j Active Figure 20.8 j Section 30.5
j Chapter Problems 3, 5, 8, 11 j Active Figure 30.18
j Chapter Problems 32, 35
v
Contents
About the Authors xi 4.6 Newton’s Third Law 105
Preface xii 4.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s Second Law 107
To the Student xxviii 4.8 Context Connection: Forces on Automobiles 115
Life Science Applications and Problems xxxi
5 More Applications of
An Invitation to Physics 1 Newton’s Laws 125
1 Introduction and Vectors 4 5.1 Forces of Friction 125
5.2 Extending the Particle in Uniform
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time 4
Circular Motion Model 130
1.2 Dimensional Analysis 7 5.3 Nonuniform Circular Motion 136
1.3 Conversion of Units 8 5.4 Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent Resistive
1.4 Order-of-Magnitude Calculations 9 Forces 138
1.5 Signifi cant Figures 10 5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature 142
1.6 Coordinate Systems 12 5.6 Context Connection: Drag Coeffi cients
1.7 Vectors and Scalars 13 of Automobiles 144
1.8 Some Properties of Vectors 15 6 Energy of a System
154
1.9 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors 17
1.10 M odeling, Alternative Representations, 6.1 Systems and Environments 155
and Problem-Solving Strategy 22 6.2 Work Done by a Constant Force 156
Context 1 | Alternative-Fuel Vehicles 35 6.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors 158
6.4 Work Done by a Varying Force 160
2 Motion in One Dimension 37 6.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic
Energy Theorem 165
2.1 Average Velocity 38
6.6 Potential Energy of a System 168
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity 41
6.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 173
2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity 45
6.8 Relationship Between Conservative
2.4 Acceleration 47
Forces and Potential Energy 175
2.5 Motion Diagrams 50 6.9 Potential Energy for Gravitational
2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant and Electric Forces 176
Acceleration 51 6.10 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System 179
2.7 Freely Falling Objects 56 6.11 Context Connection: Potential Energy in Fuels 181
2.8 Context Connection: Acceleration Required by
Consumers 59 7 Conservation of Energy 192
3 Motion in Two Dimensions 7.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy) 193
69
7.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy) 195
3.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
7.3 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System
Vectors 69
in Steady State (Energy) 202
3.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant
7.4 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction 203
Acceleration 71
7.5 Changes in Mechanical Energy
3.3 Projectile Motion 74
for Nonconservative Forces 208
3.4 Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion 81
7.6 Power 214
3.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration 83
7.7 Context Connection: Horsepower Ratings
3.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration 84
of Automobiles 216
3.7 Context Connection: Lateral Acceleration
of Automobiles 87 Context 1 | CONCLUSION
Present and Future Possibilities 230
4 The Laws of Motion
97 Context 2 | Mission to Mars 233
4.1 The Concept of Force 97
8 Momentum and Collisions
4.2 Newton’s First Law 99 235
4.3 Mass 100 8.1 Linear Momentum 235
4.4 Newton’s Second Law 101 8.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Momentum) 237
4.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight 104 8.3 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum) 240
vi
CONTENTS(cid:13)(cid:13)vii
8.4 Collisions in One Dimension 243 Context 3 | Earthquakes 388
8.5 Collisions in Two Dimensions 250
12 Oscillatory Motion
8.6 The Center of Mass 253 390
8.7 Motion of a System of Particles 257 12.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring 391
8.8 Context Connection: Rocket Propulsion 260 12.2 Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic
Motion 392
12.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator 397
9 Relativity
272 12.4 The Simple Pendulum 400
9.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity 273 12.5 The Physical Pendulum 402
9.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment 275 12.6 Damped Oscillations 403
9.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity 276 12.7 Forced Oscillations 404
9.4 Consequences of Special Relativity 276 12.8 Context Connection: Resonance in Structures 405
9.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations 285
13 Mechanical Waves
9.6 Relativistic Momentum and the Relativistic Form of 415
Newton’s Laws 288 13.1 Propagation of a Disturbance 416
9.7 Relativistic Energy 290 13.2 Analysis Model: Traveling Wave 418
9.8 Mass and Energy 292 13.3 The Speed of Transverse Waves on Strings 423
9.9 General Relativity 293 13.4 Refl ection and Transmission 426
9.10 Context Connection: From Mars to the Stars 296 13.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal
Waves on Strings 427
10 Rotational Motion 13.6 Sound Waves 429
305
13.7 The Doppler Eff ect 432
10.1 Angular Position, Speed, and Acceleration 306 13.8 Context Connection: Seismic Waves 435
10.2 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant Angular
Acceleration 308 14 Superposition and Standing
10.3 Relations Between Rotational and Translational Waves 447
Quantities 310
10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy 311 14.1 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference 448
10.5 Torque and the Vector Product 316 14.2 Standing Waves 451
10.6 Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium 320 14.3 Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary
Conditions 454
10.7 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net Torque 323
14.4 Standing Waves in Air Columns 456
10.8 Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion 326
14.5 Beats: Interference in Time 460
10.9 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular
14.6 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns 462
Momentum) 328
10.10 Analysis Model: Isolated System 14.7 The Ear and Theories of Pitch Perception 464
(Angular Momentum) 331 14.8 Context Connection: Building on Antinodes 466
10.11 Precessional Motion of Gyroscopes 335 Context 3 | CONCLUSION
10.12 Rolling Motion of Rigid Objects 336 Minimizing the Risk 476
10.13 Context Connection: Turning the Spacecraft 339
Context 4 | Heart Attacks 479
11 Gravity, Planetary Orbits, 15 Fluid Mechanics
482
and the Hydrogen Atom
354
15.1 Pressure 482
11.1 Newton’s Law of Universal 15.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth 484
Gravitation Revisited 355 15.3 Pressure Measurements 488
11.2 Structural Models 357 15.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle 488
11.3 Kepler’s Laws 358 15.5 Fluid Dynamics 493
11.4 Energy Considerations in Planetary 15.6 Streamlines and the Continuity Equation for Fluids 493
and Satellite Motion 364
15.7 Bernoulli’s Equation 495
11.5 Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Theory of Hydrogen 368
15.8 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics 498
11.6 Context Connection: Changing from a Circular
15.9 Context Connection: Turbulent Flow of Blood 499
to an Elliptical Orbit 374
Context 2 | CONCLUSION Context 4 | CONCLUSION
Detecting Atherosclerosis and
A Successful Mission Plan 384 Preventing Heart Attacks 509
viii(cid:13)(cid:13)CONTENTS
Context 5 | Global Warming 513 19.5 Electric Fields 627
16 Temperature and the Kinetic 19.6 Electric Field Lines 633
19.7 Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field 634
Theory of Gases
515 19.8 Electric Flux 636
16.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of 19.9 Gauss’s Law 639
Thermodynamics 516 19.10 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge
16.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales 517 Distributions 641
16.3 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 520 19.11 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium 644
16.4 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas 525 19.12 Context Connection: The Atmospheric Electric
16.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 527 Field 645
16.6 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 533 20 Electric Potential
16.7 Context Connection: The Atmospheric Lapse Rate 535
and Capacitance
656
17 Energy in Thermal Processes: The
20.1 Electric Potential and Potential Diff erence 657
First Law of Thermodynamics
545 20.2 Potential Diff erence in a Uniform Electric Field 658
17.1 Heat and Internal Energy 546 20.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point
Charges 661
17.2 Specifi c Heat 548
20.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric
17.3 Latent Heat 550
Potential 664
17.4 Work in Thermodynamic Processes 554
20.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge
17.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 557
Distributions 666
17.6 Some Applications of the First Law
20.6 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor 669
of Thermodynamics 559
20.7 Capacitance 671
17.7 Molar Specifi c Heats of Ideal Gases 562
20.8 Combinations of Capacitors 674
17.8 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas 564
20.9 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor 678
17.9 Molar Specifi c Heats and the Equipartition of Energy 566
20.10 Capacitors with Dielectrics 681
17.10 E nergy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes 568
20.11 Context Connection: The Atmosphere as a
17.11 Context Connection: Energy Balance for the Earth 573
Capacitor 685
18 Heat Engines, Entropy, and
21 Current and Direct Current
the Second Law of
Circuits
Thermodynamics 697
586
21.1 Electric Current 698
18.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law
21.2 Resistance and Ohm’s Law 701
of Thermodynamics 587
18.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 589 21.3 Superconductors 706
18.3 The Carnot Engine 589 21.4 A Model for Electrical Conduction 707
18.4 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators 592 21.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits 710
18.5 An Alternative Statement of the Second Law 593 21.6 Sources of emf 713
18.6 Entropy 594 21.7 Resistors in Series and Parallel 715
18.7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 597 21.8 Kirchhoff ’s Rules 721
18.8 Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes 599 21.9 RC Circuits 724
18.9 Context Connection: The Atmosphere as a Heat 21.10 Context Connection: The Atmosphere as a
Conductor 729
Engine 602
Context 5 | CONCLUSION Context 6 | CONCLUSION
Predicting the Earth’s Surface Determining the Number
Temperature 612 of Lightning Strikes 739
Context 6 | Lightning 617 Context 7 | Magnetism in Medicine 741
19 Electric Forces and 22 Magnetic Forces and
Electric Fields
619 Magnetic Fields
743
19.1 Historical Overview 620 22.1 Historical Overview 744
19.2 Properties of Electric Charges 620 22.2 The Magnetic Field 745
19.3 Insulators and Conductors 622 22.3 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic
19.4 Coulomb’s Law 624 Field 748