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POMR-720001 pomr7200001˙fm ISBN:9781891121524 July7,2010 15:34 i Principles of Modern Radar POMR-720001 pomr7200001˙fm ISBN:9781891121524 July7,2010 15:34 ii POMR-720001 pomr7200001˙fm ISBN:9781891121524 July7,2010 15:34 iii Principles of Modern Radar VVooll.. II:: BBaassiicc PPrriinncciipplleess Mark A. Richards GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology James A. Scheer GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology William A. Holm GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology ~~ ~~!Ts~G an imprint of the lET Edison, NJ scitechpub.com POMR-720001 pomr7200027˙fm ISBN:9781891121524 July23,2011 11:54 iv ~~ ~~!Ts~G an imprint of the lET PublishedbySciTechPublishing - An Imprint of the IET 379 Thornall Street Edison, NJ 08837 scitechpub.com Copyright©2010bySciTechPublishing, Edison, NJ.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyany means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSections 107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatedCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher, orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,222Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978)646-8600,oronthewebatcopyright.com.Requeststothe PublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePublisher at the address above,[email protected]. Thepublisherandtheauthormakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessof thecontentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationwarrantiesoffitness foraparticularpurpose. Editor:DudleyR.Kay EditorialAssistant:KatieJanelle ProductionManager:RobertLawless Typesetting:MPSLimited,AMacmillanCompany CoverDesign:BrentBeckley Printer:SheridanBooks,Inc.,Chelsea,MI Thisbookisavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseaspremiumsandsalespromotions,orforuseincorporate trainingprograms.Formoreinformationandquotes,pleasecontactthepublisher. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 ISBN:978-1-891121-52-4 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Richards,M.A.(MarkA.),1952- Principlesofmodernradar/MarkA.Richards,JamesA.Scheer,WilliamA. Holm. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-891121-52-4(hardcover:alk.paper) I.Scheer,Jim,1944-II.Holm,WilliamA.III.Title. TK6575.R4732010 621.3848–dc22 2010013808 POMR-720001 pomr7200001˙fm ISBN:9781891121524 July7,2010 15:34 v Dedicated to the many students of Georgia Tech’s professional education course Principles of Modern Radar, who inspired this book’s development; and to our wives, Theresa, Ruby, and Kathleen, who inspire us. POMR-720001 pomr7200001˙fm ISBN:9781891121524 July7,2010 15:34 vi POMR-720001 pomr7200001˙fm ISBN:9781891121524 July7,2010 15:34 vii Brief Contents Preface xvii PublisherAcknowledgments xxiv EditorsandContributors xxvii ListofAcronyms xxxi ListofCommonSymbols xxxiv PART I Overview 1 Introduction and Radar Overview 3 2 The Radar Range Equation 59 3 Radar Search and Overview of Detection in Interference 87 PART II External Factors 4 Propagation Effects and Mechanisms 117 5 Characteristics of Clutter 165 6 Target Reflectivity 211 7 Target Fluctuation Models 247 8 Doppler Phenomenology and Data Acquisition 273 PART III Subsystems 9 Radar Antennas 309 10 Radar Transmitters 347 11 Radar Receivers 391 12 Radar Exciters 417 13 The Radar Signal Processor 459 PART IV Signal and Data Processing 14 Digital Signal Processing Fundamentals for Radar 495 15 Threshold Detection of Radar Targets 547 16 Constant False Alarm Rate Detectors 589 17 Doppler Processing 625 18 Radar Measurements 677 19 Radar Tracking Algorithms 713 20 Fundamentals of Pulse Compression Waveforms 773 21 An Overview of Radar Imaging 835 AppendixA:Maxwell’sEquationsandDecibelNotation 893 AppendixB:AnswerstoSelectedProblems 899 Index 905 vii POMR-720001 pomr7200001˙fm ISBN:9781891121524 July7,2010 15:34 viii POMR-720001 pomr7200001˙fm ISBN:9781891121524 July7,2010 15:34 ix Contents Preface xvii PublisherAcknowledgments xxiv EditorsandContributors xxvii ListofAcronyms xxxi ListofCommonSymbols xxxiv PART I Overview 1 Introduction and Radar Overview 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 TheRadarConcept 4 1.3 ThePhysicsofEMWaves 5 1.4 InteractionofEMWaveswithMatter 11 1.5 BasicRadarConfigurationsandWaveforms 18 1.6 Noise,Signal-to-NoiseRatio,andDetection 25 1.7 BasicRadarMeasurements 27 1.8 BasicRadarFunctions 33 1.9 RadarApplications 36 1.10 OrganizationofThisText 54 1.11 FurtherReading 55 1.12 References 55 1.13 Problems 56 2 The Radar Range Equation 59 2.1 Introduction 59 2.2 PowerDensityataDistance R 61 2.3 ReceivedPowerfromaTarget 62 2.4 ReceiverThermalNoise 64 2.5 Signal-to-NoiseRatioandtheRadarRangeEquation 66 2.6 Multiple-PulseEffects 66 2.7 SummaryofLosses 67 2.8 SolvingforOtherVariables 72 ix