Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology PDF
Preview Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
P r i n c i p l e s o f I g n e o u s a n d M e t a m o r p h i c P e t r o l o g y W i n t e r 2 e Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology ISBN 978-1-29202-153-9 John D. Winter Second Edition 9 781292 021539 Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology John D. Winter Second Edition ISBN 10: 1-292-02153-5 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02153-9 Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk © Pearson Education Limited 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affi liation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN 10: 1-292-02153-5 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02153-9 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Printed in the United States of America 111122235891469131391511357999 P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R AR Y Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms John D. Winter 1 1. Some Fundamental Concepts John D. Winter 3 2. Classification and Nomenclature of Igneous Rocks John D. Winter 25 3. Textures of Igneous Rocks John D. Winter 37 4. Igneous Structures and Field Relationships John D. Winter 59 5. An Introduction to Thermodynamics John D. Winter 89 6. The Phase Rule and One- and Two-Component Systems John D. Winter 99 7. Systems with More Than Two Components John D. Winter 119 8. Chemical Petrology I: Major and Minor Elements John D. Winter 141 9. Chemical Petrology II: Trace Elements and Isotopes John D. Winter 165 10. Mantle Melting and the Generation of Basaltic Magma John D. Winter 191 11. Magma Diversity John D. Winter 211 12. Layered Mafic Intrusions John D. Winter 233 I 223333444445556666581369156994680368797995555191137533 13. Oceanic Intraplate Volcanism John D. Winter 257 14. Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism John D. Winter 289 15. Continental Flood Basalts John D. Winter 317 16. Subduction-Related Igneous Activity, Part I: Island Arcs John D. Winter 339 17. Subduction-Related Igneous Activity, Part II: Continental Arcs John D. Winter 369 18. Granitoid Rocks John D. Winter 395 19. Continental Alkaline Magmatism John D. Winter 415 20. Anorthosites John D. Winter 455 21. An Introduction to Metamorphism John D. Winter 465 22. A Classification of Metamorphic Rocks John D. Winter 491 23. Structures and Textures of Metamorphic Rocks John D. Winter 499 24. Stable Mineral Assemblages in Metamorphic Rocks John D. Winter 541 25. Metamorphic Facies and Metamorphosed Mafic Rocks John D. Winter 561 26. Metamorphic Reactions John D. Winter 583 27. Thermodynamics of Metamorphic Reactions John D. Winter 607 28. Metamorphism of Pelitic Sediments John D. Winter 635 29. Metamorphism of Calcareous and Ultramafic Rocks John D. Winter 663 30. Metamorphic Fluids, Mass Transport, and Metasomatism John D. Winter 683 II 777771122237579 Appendix: Estimating the Density and Viscosity of Silicate Melts John D. Winter 713 Appendix: The CIPW Norm John D. Winter 717 Units and Constants John D. Winter 725 Periodic Table of the Elements John D. Winter 727 Index 729 III IV Abbreviations and Acronyms Mineral Abbreviations (after Kretz, 1983; and Spear, 1993 and Fettes, 2007). Acm acmite Grt garnet Per periclase Act actinolite Ged gedrite Prv perovskite Ab albite Gln glaucophane Phg phengite Aeg aegirine Gr graphite Phl phlogopite Aln allanite Grs grossularite Pgt pigeonite Alm almandine Gru grunerite Pl plagioclase Als aluminosilicate Hs hastingsite Prh prehnite Am amphibole Hd hedenbergite Pen protoenstatite Anl analcime Hem hematite Pmp pumpellyite And andalusite Hc hercynite Py pyrite Ads andesine Hul heulandite Prp pyrope Adr andradite Hbl hornblende Px pyroxene Afs Alkali feldspar Ill illite Prl pyrophyllite Ank ankerite Ilm ilmenite Po pyrrhotite Ann annite Jd jadeite Qtz quartz An anorthite Krs kaersutite Rbk riebeckite Ath anthophyllite Kls kalsilite Rt rutile Atg antigorite Kln kaolinite Sa sanidine Ap apatite Kfs K-feldspar Spr sapphirine Arg aragonite Krn kornerupine Scp scapolite Aug augite Ky kyanite Ser sericite Brl beryl Lmt laumontite Srp serpentine Bt biotite Lws lawsonite Sd siderite Brc brucite Lpd lepidolite Sil sillimanite Cal calcite Lct leucite Sdl sodalite Chl chlorite Liq or L liquid (silicate melt) Sps spessartine Cld chloritoid Lz lizardite Spn sphene/titanite Ctl chrysotile Mrb magnesio-riebeckite Spl spinel Cam Ca-clinoamphibole Mgs magnesite Spd spodumene Cen clinoenstatite Mt magnetite St staurolite Cfs clinoferrosilite Mrg margarite Stb stilbite Cpx Ca-clinopyroxene Mei meionite Stp stilpnomelane Czo clinozoisite Mel melilite Sti stishovite Coe coesite Mw merwinite Tlc talc Crd cordierite Mc microcline Ttn titanite (sphene) Crn corundum Mnz monazite Toz topaz Crs cristobalite Mtc monticellite Tur tourmaline Cum cummingtonite Mnt montmorillonite Tr tremolite Di diopside Mul mullite Trd tridymite Dol dolomite Ms muscovite Ts tschermakite Eck eckermanite Ntr natrolite Usp ulvöspinel Ed edenite Ne Nepheline Uvt uvarovite En enstatite (ortho) Olg oligoclase V vapor/fluid Ep epidote Ol olivine Ves vesuvianite Fa fayalite Omp omphacite Wai wairakite Fsp feldspar Oam orthoamphibole Wo wollastonite Fac ferro-actinolite Or orthoclase Wus wüstite Fed ferro-edenite Opx orthopyroxene Xtm xenotime Fs ferrosilite Osm osumilite Zeo zeolite Fts ferro-tschermakite Pg paragonite Zrc zircon Fo forsterite Prg pargasite Zo zoisite From Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Second Edition, John D. Winter. Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1 Other Abbreviations and Acronyms AA Atomic absorption analysis HREE Heavy rare earth elements φ # of phases: phase rule AFC Assimilation + fractional ICP Induction-coupled plasma p Partial pressure of CO CO2 2 crystallization analysis p Partial pressure of HO AMGC Proterozoic anorthosite- IMP Ion micropobe PHH2EOM Primitive helium man2tle† mangerite-charnockite- INAA Instrumental neutron PER Pearce Element Ratios granite magmatic suite activation analysis ppm Parts per million b.p. Before present IUGS International Union of PREMA Prevalent mantle† BSE Bulk standard Earth Geological Sciences R Gas constant (see front cover) C Common mantle†(or # of K Reaction constant RCMP Rheological critical melt components: phase rule) L , L . . . Successive metamorphic percentage for extraction 1 2 CFB Continental flood basalt lineations REE Rare earth elements CHUR Chondrite uniform reservoir, LA-ICPMS Laser-ablation inductively S, S . . . Successive metemorphic 1 2 an isotopic standard coupled plasma mass foliations CRBG Columbia River Basalt Group spectometry SCLM Sub-continental lithospheric CSD Crystal size distribution LMI Layered mafic intrusion mantle CVZ Central volcanic zone (Andes) LIL Large-ion lithophile elements SCMR IUGS Subcommission on D Distribution coefficient LIP Large igneous province the Systematics of D, D . . . Successive deformational LOI Loss on ignition Metamorphic Rocks 1 2 events LPO Lattice preferred mineral SIAM A granite classification DevAL Deviation from Axial orientation scheme Linearity (on MORs) LREE Light rare earth elements SMOW Std. mean ocean water, an DM (DMM) Depleted (MORB) mantle† M, M . . . Successive metamorphic events oxygen isotope standard 1 2 DPO Dimensional preferred MAR Mid-Atlantic Ridge SVZ Southern volcanic zone mineral orientation MASH Crustal melting, assimilation, (Andes) DSDP Deep-sea drilling project storage, and homogen- T Temperature DUPAL Enriched Pb-isotope ization by underplated t time component mafic magmas T-MORB Transitional MORB E-MORB Enriched MORB Mg# 100 Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) TIMS Thermal ionization mass EM Enriched mantle† MOR Mid-Ocean Ridge spectometry EPR East Pacfic Rise MORB Mid-ocean ridge basalt TLA Three letter acronym F Variance (phase rule) or N-MORB Normal MORB TTG Archean tonalitetrondhjemite- fraction of melt to solids NHRL Northern hemisphere reference granodiorite suite f Oxygen fugacity line (Pb isotopes) UHP Ultra-high pressure (crustal O2 FeO* wt.% FeO + 0.8998(Fe O) NVZ Northern volcanic zone metamorphism 2 3 FeO* wt.% Fe O + 1.113(FeO) (Andes) UHT Ultra-high temperature 2 3 2 3 FOZO Focal zone mantle† OIA Ocean island alkaline basalt (metamorphism) h Depth to subducted slab OIB Ocean island basalt X Composition beneath volcanic front OIT Ocean island tholeiite XRF X-ray fluorescence analysis HIMU Hi-μ mantle (Pb enriched)† OP Oceanic (volcanic) plateau σ σ σ Maximum, intermediate, 1 2 3 HFS High field strength elements OSC Overlapping Spreading Center and minimum principal HFU Heat flow unit (4.2 ×10–6 (on MORs) stresses joules/cm2/sec) P Pressure †Proposed mantle isotopic reservoirs. 2 Some Fundamental Concepts From Chapter 1 of Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Second Edition, John D. Winter. Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 3
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