Principles of Heart Valve Engineering PDF
Preview Principles of Heart Valve Engineering
PRINCIPLES OF HEART VALVE ENGINEERING Editedby ARASHKHERADVAR University of California,Irvine, CA, UnitedStates AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2019ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuch astheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical treatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability, negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas containedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-814661-3 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublicationsvisitour websiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MaraConner AcquisitionEditor:FionaGeraghty EditorialProjectManager:JoshuaMearns ProductionProjectManager:MohanaNatarajan CoverDesigner:GregHarris TypesetbyTNQTechnologies IwouldliketodedicatethisbooktomywifeLadanforherconstantloveandsupport,tomychildren Aryana and Ario for being the reason I would never give up, and to my beloved parents for their never-ending devotion and care. Contributors Hamza Atcha Departmentof BiomedicalEngineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States;TheEdwardsLifesciencesCenterforAdvancedCardiovascularTechnology,Universityof California Irvine, CA, United States Ali N.Azadani Departmentof Mechanical &Materials Engineering, RitchieSchool of Engineering and Computer Science,University of Denver, Denver, CO, UnitedStates Stefanie V.Biechler Director of MarketingCollagenSolutions PLC Minneapolis, MN,United States Carlijn V.C.Bouten DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,Eindhoven University ofTechnology,Eindhoven, the Netherlands;Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), EindhovenUniversity of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands Lakshmi Prasad Dasi Departmentof BiomedicalEngineering, TheOhio State University,Columbus, OH, United States Linda L. Demer DepartmentsofMedicine,Physiology,&Bioengineering,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles, Los Angeles, CA,United States Craig J. Goergen Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering,PurdueUniversity, West Lafayette, IN, United States Richard L. Goodwin BiomedicalSciences,UniversityofSouthCarolinaSchoolofMedicine,Greenville,SC,United States K. Jane Grande-Allen Departmentof Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston,TX,United States Boyce E. Griffith Departmentof Mathematics, CarolinaCenterfor Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, ComputationalMedicineProgram,andMcAllisterHeartInstitute,UniversityofNorthCarolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States Elliott M. Groves Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Universityof Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States Megan Heitkemper Departmentof BiomedicalEngineering, TheOhio State University,Columbus, OH, United States xi xii Contributors Svenja Hinderer Naturaland Medical SciencesInstitute (NMI), Universityof Tu€bingen,Reutlingen, Germany GeoffreyD. Huntley Department of CardiovascularMedicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States Harkamaljot S. Kandail DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,EindhovenUniversity ofTechnology, Eindhoven,the Netherlands Arash Kheradvar Department of BiomedicalEngineering,University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA,United States; Departmentof Medicine, Divisionof Cardiology,University of California Irvine, CA, United States; The Edwards Lifesciences Centerfor Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, CA, United States Wendy F. Liu Department of BiomedicalEngineering,University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA,United States; Departmentof Chemical Engineeringand Materials Science, University of California Irvine, CA,United States; The Edwards Lifesciences Center for AdvancedCardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, CA,United States WenbinMao TissueMechanicsLaboratory,TheWallaceH.CoulterDepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University,Atlanta,GA, United States Petra Mela Department of Biohybrid &Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME e Institute of Applied Medical Engineering,Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University,Aachen, Germany;Medical Materials and Implants, Departmentof Mechanical Engineering,Technical University of Mu€nich, Mu€nich, Germany Madeline Monroe Department of Bioengineering,Rice University, Houston, TX, United States DaisukeMorisawa Department of BiomedicalEngineering,University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA,United States;TheEdwardsLifesciencesCenterforAdvancedCardiovascularTechnology,Universityof California Irvine, CA, UnitedStates Vuyisile T. Nkomo Department of CardiovascularMedicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States Niema M. Pahlevan Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering,University of Southern California,CA, United States Evan H. Phillips Weldon School of BiomedicalEngineering, Purdue University,WestLafayette,IN, United States Mohammad Sarraf DivisionofCardiovascularDisease,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofAlabamaatBirmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States Contributors xiii Anthal I.P.M.Smits DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,Eindhoven University ofTechnology,Eindhoven, the Netherlands;Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), EindhovenUniversity of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands WeiSun TissueMechanicsLaboratory,TheWallaceH.CoulterDepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta,GA, United States Jeremy J.Thaden Departmentof Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,MN, United States Yin Tintut Departmentsof Medicine (Cardiology), Physiology&Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California,Los Angeles, CA,UnitedStates Ivan Vesely Class III MedicalDevice Consulting,Gaithersburg, MD, United States; CroiValve Limited, Dublin, Ireland Amadeus Zhu Departmentof Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston,TX,United States Preface Heart valves are living tissue structures that ensure adequate blood flow passes from one heart chamber to the next without the possibility of backflow. Native heart valves are among the body’s most enduring tissues, with the ability to grow during the pediatric years. However, these tissue structures cannot regenerate or repair themselves spontaneously. Although heart valve disease is etiologically diversedit can be acquired or congenitaldphenotypically, it results in either valve stenosis or regurgitation. However, since the valves cannot repair themselves, medical interventions are always required to remedy these diseases. No drug currently exists to cure heart valve disease, and all interventions are based on surgical or transcatheter repair or replacement of the diseased valve. These issues have inspired researchers to seek effective and long-lasting means of mitigating damaged heart valves. The very first successful heart valve repair is reported to have been performed by Dr. Walton Lillehei in 1957, followed by the first successful artificial heart valve implantation, by Dr. Albert Starr, in 1960s. Since then, heart valve engineering has been behind all major advances in treating patients with heart valve disease. Successful translation of a technology for heart valve replacement or repair from a research lab to apatient’shearttakesmanysteps,frombenchtestingandacuteanimalstudiestochronic animalstudiesandmajorclinicaltrials.Thesestepsrequiremanyyearsofhardworkbya multidisciplinary team, not to mention enormous amounts of funding. To engineer a heart valve, many technical issues must be considered. Issues such as creatingtissuestructuresthatareabletoresistdeteriorationandhavingdesignsthatavoid thrombus formation, to name just two among many examples, challenge us to develop heart valve technologies that last longer while working seamlessly. Therefore, experts from diverse backgroundsdsuch as, but not limited to, mechanobiology, cardiology, physiology, tissue culture, mathematical modeling, fluid dynamics, and polymer sciencedoften form core teams to develop new heart valveerelated technologies. A new heart valve technology should be tested according to regulatory authorities’ safety and efficacy guidelines before it can be used in humans. These verification, validation, andpreclinicalandclinicalfeasibilitystudiesdependonclosecollaborativeeffortsamong a group of expert engineers, regulatory bodies, and physicians from academia and industry, a group whom this book aims to address. A few years ago, I led the publication of a series of four review articles on emerging trends in heart valve engineering in the Annals of Biomedical Engineering. During that effort, I realized that the field lacked a comprehensive textbook addressing this ever-expanding area of research and development. Inspired by that realization, and xv , xvi Preface withtheintentionofdisseminatingthescienceandknowledgeofheartvalveengineering, I asked experts in different areas of heart valve research and development to assist me in this crucial effort. The present work is the first of its kind to comprehensively bring togetheravarietyoftechniquesanddisciplinesfromthecurrentstateoftheartinheart valveengineeringwithinasinglebookthatcanbeusedbystudents,scholars,engineers, and physicians. An elite group of internationally known experts on different aspects of heartvalvescontributedtoit.Completingallthebookchaptersentailedover2yearsof efforts working on topics ranging from mechanobiology, engineering, epidemiology, and imaging to heart valveefocused therapies, among others. We hope this volume will generate new conversations among educators and scholars and spur continual improvements in these technologies. I am indebted to the many outstanding faculty members from a range of disciplines andtoleadingheartvalveexperts,whodonatedtheirtimeandefforttoproducecarefully crafted chapters on topics at the cutting edge of work that is critical to research and development in heart valve engineering. I remain grateful to the whole Elsevier team, especially to Joshua Means, Sheela B. Josy, and Mohanambal Natarajan, for their support, patience, and guidance during all the stages of book production. Finally, I would like to thank all my past mentors, present and past trainees, and collaborators, whose guidance, hard work, and friendship have inspired me to pursue research in heart valve engineering, a field that continues to astonish and reward me. I hope our efforts in this book will likewise be beneficial for educators and scholars around the world who are interested in heart valve research and development. Arash Kheradvar University of California, Irvine, CA, United States CHAPTER 1 Clinical anatomy and embryology of heart valves Richard L. Goodwin1, Stefanie V. Biechler2 1BiomedicalSciences,UniversityofSouthCarolinaSchoolofMedicine,Greenville,SC,UnitedStates;2Directorof MarketingCollagenSolutionsPLCMinneapolis,MN,UnitedStates Contents 1.1 Atrioventricularvalves 1 1.1.1 Embryology 1 1.1.2 Morphology 5 1.1.3 Histology 7 1.2 Semilunarvalves 8 1.2.1 Embryology 8 1.2.2 Morphology 9 1.2.3 Histology 10 1.3 Epigeneticfactorsinheartvalveformation 10 References 11 1.1 Atrioventricular valves 1.1.1 Embryology Theheartisfirstformedasasimpletubefromanteriorlateralsplanchnicmesodermasthe flat,trilaminarembryonicdiscrollsintoacylinder.Thegrowingprosencephalonandthe closingguttubeendodermbringtheleftandrightlateralmesodermstogetherventrallyat themidlineofthedevelopingembryo[1].Atthisstageorevenabitbefore,theprimitive myocardiumbeginstospontaneouslycontract.Theformationoftheprimitivehearttube iscriticaltofurtherdevelopmentoftheembryoasitreliesoneffectivehemodynamicsto support the ontogenesis of other structures. Though the cardiac valves play a central role in the maintenance of unidirectional blood flow for the entire cardiovascular system, other tissues have valves, including some veins and lymphatic vessels. It is important to note that a valve-like structure is formed, transiently, between the left and right atria known as the foramen ovale. This structure allows placentally derived oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium, allowing it to be distributed systemically during fetal development. Following the first breath and perfusion of the pulmonary vascular, the blood pressure of the right side of the circulation drops below that of the systemic left sidebloodpressures,physiologicallyclosingtheforamen.Overtime,theseptumprimum PrinciplesofHeartValveEngineering ©2019ElsevierInc. 1 ISBN978-0-12-814661-3,https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814661-3.00001-0 Allrightsreserved.
The list of books you might like
