Principles of Fermentation Technology

367 Pages·2008·61.16 MB·English

Principles of
Fermentation Technology
Second Edition
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Principles of
Fermentation Technology
PETER F. STANBURY
B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Le.
Division (}f Biosciences,
University of Hertfordshire,
Hatfield, u.K.
ALLAN WHITAKER
M.Sc., Ph.D., A.R.e.S., D.Le.
Division ofBiosciences,
University of Hertfordshire
STEPHEN J. HALL
B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.
Division of Chemical Sciences,
University (}f Herifordshire
UTTERWORTH
EINEMANN
OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEW YORK PARIS
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Butterworth-Heinemann
An imprint of Elsevier Science
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First published 1984
Reprinted 1986, 1987, 1989, 1993 (twice)
Second edition 1995
Reprinted 1999 (twice), 2000, 2003
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This book is dedicated to the memory of
David L. Cohen
Microbiologist, teacher, colleague and, above all,
friend.
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the authors, publishers and manufactur- British Mycological Society: Fig. 7.48.
ing companies listed below for allowing us to reproduce either British Valve and Actuator Manufacturers Association
original or copyright material. (BVAMA): Fig. 7.28, 7.29, 7.30, 7.31, 7.32, 7.33, 7.34, 7.35, 7.37
and 7.38.
Authors Butterworth-Heinemann: Fig. 6.10, 7.22 and 7.25 from
S. Abe (Fig. 3.13), A. W. Nienow (Figs 9.13 B-F and 7.10, Collins, C. H. and Beale, A. J. (1992) Safety in Industrial
7.11 and9.19 from Trends in Biotechnology, 8 (1990)), (Figs Microbiology and Biotechnology; Table 3.7 from Vanek, Z. and
5.2a, 5.2b, 5.2c, 5.3a, 5.3b, 5.5, 5.7, 7.18 and Table 5.2 from Hostelek, Z. (1986) Overproduction of Microbial Metabolites.
Introduction to Industrial sterilization, Academic Press, London Strain Improvement and Process Strategies.
(1968)), F. G. Shinskey (Fig. 8.11, R. M. Talcott (Figs 10.11, Canadian Chemical News, Ottawa: Figs 10.33a and 1O.33b.
10.12 and 10.13) and D. 1. C. Wang (Table 12.7).
Chapman and Hall: Fig. 7.46 from Hough, J. S. et al. (1971)
Publishers and manufacturing companies Malting and Brewing Science.
Academic Press, London and new York: Fig. 1.2 from Chilton Book Company Ltd, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA:
Turner, W. B. (1971) Fungal Metabolites; Fig. 6.7 from Norris, Figs 8.2, 8.3, 8.4,8.5, 8.8 and 8.9 Reprinted from Engineers
J. R. and Ribbons, D. W. (1972) Methods in Microbiology, 7b, Handbook, Vol. 1 by B. Liptak. Copyright 1969 by the author.
Fig. 7.9 from Solomons, G. 1.. (1969) Materials and Methods in Reprinted with the permission of the publisher.
Fermentation; Fig. 7.14 from Journal ofApplied Bacteriology 21 Marcel Dekker Inc.: Figs 6.4, 6.5 and 6.6. Reprinted with
(1958); Fig. 7.45 from Rose, A. H. (1978), Fig. 7.51 from permission from Vandamme, E. J. (1984) Biotechnology of
Economic Microbiology, Vol. 4 (1979), Economic Microbiology, Industn'al Antibiotics.
Vol. 2; Figs 7.1 and 10.27 and Table 12.2 from Rose, A. H. Elsevier Science Ltd, Kidlington: Fig. 2.12 reprinted from
(1979) Economic Microbiology, Vol. 3.; Fig.7.55 from Spiers, R. Process Biochemistry, 1 (1966); Figs 5.4, 5.5, 5.12, 5.20 reprinted
E. and Griffiths, J. B. (1988) Animal Cell Biotechnology, Vol. from Process Biochemistry, 2 (1967); Fig. 10.4 reprinted from
3; Figs 9.21 and 12.1 from Nisbet, 1.. 1. and Winstanley, D. 1. Process Biochemistry, 16 (1981); Table 6.2 reprinted from
(1983) Microbial Products 2. Development and Production; Fig. Process Biochemistry, 13 (1978); Table 2.3 reprinted from Jour-
10.6 from Advances in Applied Microbiology, 12; Table 4.5 nal of Biotechnology, 22 (1992); Fig. 7.47a from Endeavour
from Cook, A. H. (1962) Barley and Malt, Biochemistry and (NS), 2 (1978), Fig. 8.12, 8.20, 8.22 and 8.24 reprinted from
Technology; Tables 8.3 from Aiba, S., Humphrey, A. E. (1973)
Biochemical Engineering (2nd Edition). Cooney, C. 1.. and Humphrey, A. E. (1985) Comprehensive
AJfa Laval Engineering Ltd, Brentford: Figs 5.8, 5.9 and Biotechnology, Vol 2; Figs 9.2 and 10.34 reprinted from Moo-
5.11. Young, M. et al. (1980) Advances in Biotechnology, Vol. 1; Fig.
Alfa Laval Sharples Ltd, Camberiey: Fig. 1O.16a, 10.16b, 10.3 from Blanch, H. W. et al (1985) Comprehensive Biotech-
1O.17a, 1O.17b and 10.20. nology 3, Figs 1O.9a and 1O.9b reprinted from Coulson, J. M.
American Chemical Society: Fig. 7.43 reprinted with and Richardson, J. F. (1968) Chemical Engineering (2nd edi-
permission from Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 43 tion), Fig. 10.30 reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, 43
(1951); Fig. 7.49 reprinted with permission from Ladisch, M. (1969).
R. and Bose, A. (1992) Harnessing Biotechnology for the 21st Elsevier Trends Journals, Cambridge: Fig. 3.33, reprinted
Century. ACS Conference Proceedings Series. from Trends in Biotechnology, 10 (1992), 7.10, 7.11 and 9.19
American Society for Microbiology: Fig. 3.36, 5.11 and 9.17. reprinted from Trends in Biotechnology, 8 (1990).
American Society for Testing and Materials: Fig. 6.11. Ellis Horwood: Fig. 9.16 and 10.5. Tables 3.5 and 9.3
Copyright ASTM, reprinted with permission. Dominic Hunter, Birtley: Fig. 5.19.
Applikon dependable Instruments BV, Gloucester, UK: Fig. Inceltech LH, Reading: Figs 7.4 and 7.17.
7.16 and Table 7.5. International Thomson Publishing Services: Figs 5.13 and
Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd: Figs 1.1 and 2.8. 7.24 from Yu, P. 1.. (1990) Fermentation Technologies; Indus-
Bio/Technology: Table 3.6. trial Applications; Fig. 6.3 from Vandamme, E. J. (1989)
vii
Acknowledgements
Biotechnology of Vitamins, Pigments and Growth Factors and Society for Industrial Microbiology, USA: Fig. 9.18.
Fig. 3.9 from Fogarty, W. M. and Kelly, K. T. (1990) Microbial Southern Cotton Oil Company, Memphis, USA: Table 4.8.
Enzymes and Biotechnology, (2nd Edition). Spirax Sarco Ltd, Cheltenham, UK: Figs 7.39, 7.40, 7.41 and
Institute of Chemical Engineering: Fig. 11.6 from Effluent 7.42.
Treatment in the Process Industries (1983). Springer Verlag GmbH and Co. KG: Table 7.4 reproduced
Institute of Water Pollution Control: Fig. 11.5. from Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 30 (1989), Fig.
IRL Press, Fig. 4.3. from Poole et al. Microbial Growth 8.7 reproduced from Advances in Biochemical Engineering, 13
Dynamics, (1990), Fig. 6.1 from McNeil, B. and Harvey, L. M. (1979), Table 12.2 from Advances in Chemical Engineering, 37
Fermentation-A Practical Approach (1990), Fig. 8.26. from (1988).
Bryant, T. N. and Wimpenny, J. W. T. Computers in Microbi- John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York: Fig. 3.2 from Journal
ology: A Practical Approach (1989). of Applied Chemistry Biotechnology 22 (1972) Fig. 3.13 from
Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology and Agrochem- Yamada, K. et al. (1972) The Microbial Production of Amino
istry: Fig. 3.23 from Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 36 Acids.: Fig. 7.50 from Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 42
(1972). (1993), Fig. 7.53 from Biotechnology and Bioengineering Sympo-
Kluwer Academic Publishers: Fig. 7.52 reprinted with
sium, 4 (1974), Fig. 7.44 from Biotechnology Bioengineering 9
permission from Varder-Sukan, F. and Sukan, S. S. (1992)
(1967), Fig. 9.4 from Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 12
Recent Advances in Biotechnology.
(1970), Table 12.6 from Biotechnology and Bioengineering;, 15
Life Science Laboratories Ltd, Luton: Figs 7.6 and 7.7.
(1973); Fig. 8.11 from Shinskey, F. G. (1973) pH and pIon
MacMillan: Table 1.1 from Prescott and Dunn's Industrial
Control in Process and Waste Streams.; Figs 10.11, 10.12 and
Microbiology, edited by Reed, G. (1982).
10.13 from Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,
Marshall Biotechnology Ltd: Fig. 7.23.
3rd Edition (1980); Figs 10.21 and 10.22 from Biotechnology
Mcgraw Hill, New York: Fig. 7.27 reproduced with permis-
and Bioengineering, 16 (1974); Fig. 10.23 from Biotechnology
sion from Chemical Engineering, 94 (1987), also Fig. 7.36 from
and Bioengineering, 19 (1977); Table 12.7 from Wang, D. I. C.
King, R. C. (1967) Piping Handbook (5th edition), also Figs
et al. (1979) Fermentation and Enzyme Technology.
8.21 and 8.23 from Considine, D. M. (1974)Process Instrumen-
We also wish to thank Mr Jim Campbell (Pall Process
tation and Control Handbook (2nd Edition) and also Fig. 10.10
Filtration Ltd, Portsmouth), Mr Nelson Nazareth (Life Sci-
from Perry, R. H. and Chilton, C. H. (1973) Chemical Engi-
ence Laboratories Ltd, Luton), Mr Peter Senior (Applikon
neer's Handbook (5th Edition).
Dependable Instruments BV, Tewkesbury) and Mr Nicholas
Microbiology Research Foundation of Japan, Tokyo: Fig.
Vosper (New Brunswick Ltd, Hatfield) for advice on fermenta-
3.21 from Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, 19
tion equipment and Dr Geoffrey Leaver and Mr Ian Stewart
(1973).
(Warren Spring Laboratories, Stevenage) for advice on safety
New Brunswick Ltd, Hatfield, Figs 7.5, 7.15, 7.26, 7.54.
and containment and Mr Michael Whitaker for his comments
New York Academy of Sciences: Figs 2.14, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.31.
on a student friendly book design.
Pall Process Filtration Ltd, Portsmouth: Figs 5.14, 5.15,
Last but not least we wish to express our thanks to Lesley,
5.16,5.17 and 5.18.
John, David and Abigail Stanbury and Lorna, Michael and
Royal Netherlands Chemical Society: Table 12.4
Ben Whitaker for their encouragement and patience during
Royal Society of Chemistry: Fig. 6.9 and Table 3.8.
all stages in the preparation of this edition of the book.
The Royal Society, London: Fig. 7.47b.
Science and Technology Letters, Northwood, UK: Figs 9.20a
and 9.20b.
Society for General Microbiology: Figs 3.29, 3.34 and 3.35 December, 1994.
and Tables 3.2 and 9.2.
viii
Contents
1. AN INTRODUCTION TO FERMENTATION PROCESSES 1
The range of fermentation processes 1
Microbial biomass 1
Microbial enzymes 2
Microbial metabolites 3
Recombinant products 4
Transformation processes 5
The chronological development of the fermentation industry 5
The component parts of a fermentation process 9
References 10
2. MICROBIAL GROWTH KINETICS 13
Batch culture 13
Continuous culture 16
Multistage systems 19
Feedback systems 19
Internal feedback 19
External feedback 20
Comparison of batch and continuous culture in industrial processes 21
Biomass productivity 21
Metabolite productivity 22
Continuous brewing 24
Continuous culture and biomass production 25
Comparison of batch and continuous culture as investigative tools 26
Fed-batch culture 27
Variable volume fed-batch culture 27
Fixed volume fed-batch culture 28
Cyclic fed-batch culture 29
Application of fed-batch culture 29
Examples of the use of fed-batch culture 30
References 31
3. THE ISOLATION, PRESERVATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF INDUSTRIALLY
IMPORTANT MICRO-ORGANISMS 35
The isolation of industrially important micro-organisms 35
ix
Contents
Isolation methods utilizing selection of the desired characteristic 37
Enrichment liquid culture 37
Enrichment cultures using solidified media 39
Isolation methods not utilizing selection of the desired characteristic 39
Screening methods 40
The preservation of industrially important micro-organisms 42
Storage at reduced temperature 42
Storage on agar slopes 42
Storage under liquid nitrogen 42
Storage in a dehydrated form 42
Dried cultures 42
Lyophilization 42
Quality control of preserved stock cultures 43
The improvement of industrial micro-organisms 43
The selection of induced mutants synthesizing improved levels of primary metabolites 45
Modification of the permeability 47
The isolation of mutants which do not produce feedback inhibitors or repressors 48
Examples of the use of auxotrophs for the production of primary metabolites 50
The isolation of mutants that do not recognize the presence of inhibitors and repressors 53
The isolation of induced mutants producing improved yields of secondary metabolites
where directed selection is difficult to apply 57
The isolation of auxotrophic mutants 61
The isolation of resistant mutants 62
Mutants resistant to the analogues of primary metabolic precursors of the
secondary metabolite 63
Mutants resistant to the feedback effects of the secondary metabolite 63
The isolation of mutants resistant to the toxic effects of the secondary metabolite in
the trophophase 64
The isolation of mutants in which secondary metabolite synthesis gives resistance to
toxic compounds 64
The isolation of revertant mutants 65
The isolation of revertants of mutants auxotrophic for primary metabolites which may
influence the production of a secondary metabolite 65
The isolation of revertants of mutants which have lost the ability to produce the
secondary metabolite 65
The use of recombination systems for the improvement of industrial micro-organisms 66
The application of the parasexual cycle 66
The application of protoplast fusion techniques 68
The application of recombinant DNA techniques 70
The production of heterologous proteins 71
The use of recombinant DNA technology for the improvement of native microbial
~~~ TI
The improvement of industrial strains by modifying properties other than the yield of
~~ ~
The selection of stable strains 79
The selection of strains resistant to infection 80
The selection of non-foaming strains 80
The selection of strains which are resistant to components in the medium 81
x