Principles of energy PDF
Preview Principles of energy
PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY Editor Richard M. Renneboog, MsC SALEMPRESS ADivisionofEBSCOInformationServices,Inc. Ipswich,Massachusetts GREY HOUSE PUBLISHING Coverphoto:Lightbulbsurroundedbyenergyinnovationgraphics.ByBluePlanetStudio.(Via iStock) Copyright©2021,bySalemPress,ADivisionofEBSCOInformationServices,Inc.,andGrey HousePublishing,Inc. PrinciplesofEnergy,publishedbyGreyHousePublishing,Inc.,Amenia,NY,underexclusiveli- censefromEBSCOInformationServices,Inc. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisworkmaybeusedorreproducedinanymannerwhatsoeveror transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopy,record- ing,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthecopy- rightowner.Forpermissionsrequests,[email protected]. ForinformationcontactGreyHousePublishing/SalemPress,4919Route22,POBox56,Amenia, NY12501. (cid:2)ThepaperusedinthesevolumesconformstotheAmericanNationalStandardforPermanence ofPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials,Z39.481992(R2009). Publisher’sCataloging-In-PublicationData (PreparedbyTheDonohueGroup,Inc.) Names:Renneboog,Richard,editor. Title:Principlesofenergy/editor,RichardM.Renneboog. Description:Ipswich,Massachusetts:SalemPress,adivisionofEBSCOInformationServices,Inc.; Amenia,NY:GreyHousePublishing,[2021]|Series:Principlesof|Includesbibliographical referencesandindex. Identifiers:ISBN9781642657647 Subjects:LCSH:Forceandenergy.|Power(Mechanics)|Powerresources.|LCGFT:Reference works. Classification:LCCQC73.P752021|DDC531.6—dc23 First Printing Printed in the United States of America Contents Publisher’sNote .......................... vii EnergyPayback.......................... 120 Introduction.............................. ix EnergyPolicy............................ 122 Contributors ............................. xv EnergyPoverty .......................... 130 EnergyStorageTechniques ................ 132 AerobicCellularRespiration.................. 1 Enthalpy ............................... 135 AirConditioning........................... 4 Entropy................................ 137 AlternativeEnergy ......................... 7 Exergy................................. 138 Ampère,André-Marie...................... 12 ExternalCombustionEngine............... 140 AnimalPower ............................ 14 Faraday,Michael......................... 145 AtomicEnergyCommission................. 18 Flex-FuelVehicles(FFV)................... 147 Batteries ................................ 21 Flywheels............................... 149 Biodiesel................................ 26 FossilFuels ............................. 151 BiomassEnergy........................... 29 Franklin,Benjamin....................... 156 Boilers.................................. 33 Frequency .............................. 159 BreederReactors.......................... 37 FuelCellsandEnergyEfficiency............. 161 BuildingEnvelope ........................ 38 FundamentalsofEnergy................... 164 Capacity(Electricity)....................... 41 GasEnergyTransmission .................. 171 CellulosicEthanol......................... 43 GasolineandOtherPetroleumFuels .........172 Chernobyl............................... 45 GeothermalandHydrothermalEnergy.......175 ChinaSyndrome(NuclearMeltdown) .........49 GeothermalEnergy....................... 182 Clausius,Rudolf .......................... 51 Gibbs,JosiahWillard ..................... 185 ClimateandWeather ...................... 53 GreenBuildings ......................... 187 ClimateNeutrality ........................ 58 GreenEnergyCertification................. 190 CoalandEnergyProduction................. 60 GreenhouseGasesandHumanIndustry ......193 CogenerationandElectricityGeneration.......69 HeatTransfer ........................... 201 ColdFusion.............................. 72 Helmholtz,Hermannvon ................. 204 CommunicationtoGarnerSupportfor Hertz,Heinrich.......................... 206 EnergyDevelopment .................... 74 High-IntensityLight-EmittingDiodes ComputersandEnergyUse ................. 79 (LEDs)andEnergyConservation.......... 208 CornEthanol ............................ 81 HybridVehiclesandEnergySecurity .........211 Dams................................... 85 IndustrialRevolutionandMachinePower.....215 Daylighting.............................. 89 InternalCombustionEngine ............... 221 Demand-SideManagement(DSM) ........... 91 Isotopes,Radioactive ..................... 224 Diesel,Rudolf............................ 93 Isotopes,Stable.......................... 226 Einstein,Albert........................... 97 Joule,James ............................ 229 ElectricGrids ........................... 100 KineticEnergy .......................... 233 ElectricPotential......................... 103 LiquidFluidEnergyTransmission........... 235 ElectricityEnergyTransmission,Secondary....106 MechanicalEnergyTransmission............ 239 Embodiedenergy ........................ 108 NaturalEnergyFlows..................... 243 EnergyandPower........................ 111 NaturalGas............................. 244 EnergyConservation...................... 113 NuclearPowerPlants ..................... 250 EnergyIndependenceandSecurity OceanCurrentEnergy .................... 255 Actof2007 ........................... 116 OceanThermalEnergyConversion.......... 256 EnergyIntensity ......................... 118 OceanWaveEnergy ...................... 258 v Contents Principles of Energy OilandPetroleum........................ 261 Thompson,Benjamin(CountRumford) ......330 OilShaleandTarSands................... 267 Thomson,JosephJohn.................... 332 Otto,Nikolaus........................... 269 Thomson,William(LordKelvin) ............ 334 Photovoltaics(PVs)....................... 273 TidalPowerGeneration ................... 336 PotentialEnergy ......................... 277 UnitsofMeasurement .................... 341 Propane................................ 280 U.S.DepartmentofEnergy(DOE)........... 344 Rankine,William ........................ 283 Volta,Alessandro......................... 349 RenewableEnergy........................ 284 WasteHeatRecovery...................... 353 RenewableEnergyResources ............... 289 Watt,James............................. 355 RotationalPower......................... 294 Watt................................... 357 SadiCarnot............................. 299 WaveProperties.......................... 359 SolarConcentrator....................... 300 Wavelength ............................. 360 SolarEnergy............................ 303 Westinghouse,George .................... 363 SolarThermalSystems.................... 309 WheatEthanol .......................... 366 SteamandSteamTurbines................. 312 WillisCarrierandAirConditioning.......... 368 SteamEngines .......................... 313 WindEnergy............................ 370 Stirling,Robert.......................... 315 WorkandEnergy ........................ 375 SugarBeetEthanol....................... 317 Work-EnergyTheorem.................... 378 SugarcaneEthanol ....................... 319 SunDay................................ 322 Bibliography............................ 381 Tesla,Nikola............................ 323 Glossary................................ 405 Thermochemistry........................ 326 Organizations ........................... 429 ThermodynamicsandEnergy............... 328 SubjectIndex ........................... 431 vi Publisher’s Note GreyHousePublishingispleasedtoaddPrinciplesofEnergytoitsSalemPresscollectionof PrinciplesofSciencetitles.Coveringmorethantwentytopics,includingMarineScience,As- tronomy,ComputerScience,PhysicalScience,Biology,Botany,Mathematics,andInformationTech- nology,thisseriesintroducesstudentsandresearcherstothefundamentalsofthesescientific topicsusingeasy-to-understandlanguageforasolidbackgroundandadeeperunderstand- ingandappreciation.MajorcategoriesinPrinciplesofEnergyincludeprinciples,historical discoveries,alternativeenergy,sustainableenergy,biographiesofenergyscientists,andthe futureofenergy. The122entriescontainthefollowinghelpfulsections: (cid:129) FieldsofStudytoillustratetheconnectionsbetweenthetopicandthevariousbranches ofsciencerelatedtothestudyofenergy; (cid:129) Abstract provides a brief, concrete summary of the topic and how the entry is orga- nized; (cid:129) KeyConceptsintroducetheterminologyusedintheentry; (cid:129) Imagesandchartsillustratekeyconceptssuchasfuelcells,alternativeenergysources, energyintensity,energygrids,historicalinventions,conservationenergyratings,and pipelines,plusphotosofindividuals; (cid:129) FurtherReadinglistsadditionalsourcesrelatedtothestudyofenergy. ThisworkbeginswithacomprehensiveEditor’sIntroductiontothetopicofenergywritten by volume editor Richard Renneboog. This discussion starts with the Sun—the biggest sourceofenergyknowntoman—andgoesontoexplainthefourmaintypesofenergyiden- tified throughout the centuries: chemical energy, mechanical energy, nuclear energy, and gravitationalenergy.Entries,arrangedinAtoZorder,rangefromAerobicCellularRespira- tiontoWork-EnergyTheorumandeverythinginbetween. Followingtheentries,PrinciplesofEnergyendswithhelpfulappendices:Bibliography;Glos- sary;Organizations;andSubjectIndex. SalemPressandGreyHousePublishingextendtheirappreciationtoallinvolvedinthede- velopmentandproductionofthiswork.AlistofcontributorsfollowtheEditor’sIntroduc- tion. PrinciplesofEnergy,aswellasallSalemPressreferencebooks,isavailableinprintandasan e-book.Pleasevisitwww.salempress.comformoreinformation. vii Introduction Thestoryofenergyinthemodernworldisasagathat ofthephysicalworldandaccordeditacorresponding spans literally billions of years. But the question of reverence.IntheMiddleAges,enlightenedscientific whatenergyisisnoteasily,orsimply,answered.Ofall approachestothephysicalworldwereignoredorne- conceptsinphysics,theconceptofenergyisperhaps glected.Educatedalchemists,clerics,andnaturalphi- themostelusiveanddifficultofthemall.Everyonehas losophersoftheMiddleAgesbelievedtheSunandthe aninnatesenseofwhatbroadlyconstitutesenergy.A stars were holes in the sky through which light from fullychargedbatteryhasalotofenergy,averyactive HeavenfounditswaytoEarth. childhasalotofenergy,anatomicbombreleasesalot Following the European Renaissance, scientific in- ofenergy,asdoesafirecracker,waterrushingdowna vestigation regained its importance and emerged in dry riverbed in a flash flood, or a big, slow-moving themid-eighteenthcenturyastheIndustrialRevolu- river.Thedictionaryshowstwoofficialdefinitions:the tion.Themostabundantandimportantsourceofheat strengthandvitalityrequiredforsustainedphysicalor and light in the world at that time was that of a mental activity; and, power derived from the utiliza- white-hotcoal fire, and scientists speculated that the tion of physical or chemical resources, especially to Sunwasahugemassofburningcoalinspace.Given providelightandheatortoworkmachines. what was known about coal at the time, calculations Tobegintounderstandwhatenergyis,itisneces- weremadeaboutthemassofthatbigpileofburning sarytoexaminethebiggestsourceofenergyknownto coal,aswellaswhenitwouldburnout. man—the Sun. That brilliant orb, and the great More than a century after the Industrial Revolu- amountofheatandlightitemits,hasbeenthesubject tion, experiments demonstrated the existence of the ofmuchspeculationinpastcenturies. subatomicparticlesthatmakeuptheatom.Develop- In the Ancient Egyptian pantheon, the Sun was mentofatomictheoryledtothemathematicsofquan- worshipedasRa,theSunGodwhogivesheatandlight tummechanicsandquantumelectrodynamicsbysuch totheworld.IntheAncientGreekpantheon,theSun notables as Niels Bohr, Ernest Rutherford, J.J. was seen as the chariot of Helios, the Sun God who Thomson,AlbertEinstein,PaulDirac,andmanyoth- drovethechariotoftheSunacrosstheskyeachdayto ers. Withthose twopieces of the puzzle inplace, the driveawaythedarknessofnight,andtheRomanpan- concepts of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion soon theon believed the same, but with Latin names. The followed,bringingustoourcurrentunderstandingof Ancient Greek philosophers, however, posited the howtheSunisthesourceofenergyforEarth.Likeall morepragmaticviewthattheSunitselfwassomething stars,theSunisamassivecollectionofsimplehydro- morethanagodoraglowingchariot,althoughthey genatoms, so massive, infact, that thehighinternal had no real idea of what. Their thoughts focused on temperaturesandthemagnitudeofthegravityofthat thefamiliarsourcesofintenseheatandlightthatthey masssqueezeshydrogenatomstogethersopowerfully knewandunderstood—wood,oil,andGreekfire,the thattheyundergonuclearfusion.Thefusionprocess mostintenseofthethree. releases a huge amount of energy, primarily as heat IntheAmericas,themanyindigenouspeoplesalso andthefullspectrumoflight,andthecumulativeef- sawtheSunasthemostimportantentityofworship. fectofthousandsoftonsofhydrogenfusingcontinu- Asiancivilizations—China,India,Assyria,Persia,and ously into helium every minute is the heat and others—heldtheSuntobethemostessentialfeature light—theenergy—thatcomesfromtheSun.Itisan ix
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