Principles of Electronic Communication Systems

945 Pages·2014·51.09 MB·English

Fourth Edition
P r i n c i p l e s o f
Electronic
Communication Systems
Louis E. Frenzel Jr.
Electronic
Principles of
Communication
Systems
Fourth Edition
Louis E. Frenzel Jr.
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, FOURTH EDITION
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Frenzel, Louis E., Jr., 1938–
Principles of electronic communication systems / Louis E. Frenzel Jr. —Fourth edition.
pages cm
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-07-337385-0 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-07-337385-0 (alk. paper)
1. Telecommunication—Textbooks. 2. Wireless communication systems—Textbooks.
I. Title.
TK5101.F664 2014
384.5—dc23
2014031478
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Contents
Preface viii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic
Communication 1
1-1 The Signifi cance of Human 1-6 Bandwidth 18
Communication 3 1-7 A Survey of
1-2 Communication Systems 3 Communication
1-3 Types of Electronic Applications 21
Communication 6 1-8 Jobs and Careers in
1-4 Modulation and Multiplexing 8 the Communication
Industry 23
1-5 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum 12
Chapter 2 Electronic Fundamentals
for Communications 30
2-1 Gain, Attenuation, 2-3 Filters 56
and Decibels 31 2-4 Fourier Theory 77
2-2 Tuned Circuits 41
Chapter 3 Amplitude Modulation
Fundamentals 92
3-1 AM Concepts 93 3-4 AM Power 104
3-2 Modulation Index and 3-5 Single-Sideband
Percentage of Modulation 95 Modulation 108
3-3 Sidebands and the Frequency 3-6 Classifi cation of Radio
Domain 98 Emissions 112
Chapter 4 Amplitude Modulator and
Demodulator Circuits 117
4-1 Basic Principles of Amplitude 4-4 Balanced
Modulation 118 Modulators 134
4-2 Amplitude Modulators 121 4-5 SSB Circuits 141
4-3 Amplitude Demodulators 129
iii
Chapter 5 Fundamentals of Frequency
Modulation 150
5-1 Basic Principles of Frequency 5-4 Noise Suppression
Modulation 151 Eff ects of FM 163
5-2 Principles of Phase 5-5 Frequency Modulation
Modulation 153 Versus Amplitude
5-3 Modulation Index and Modulation 167
Sidebands 156
Chapter 6 FM Circuits 172
6-1 Frequency Modulators 173
6-2 Phase Modulators 180
6-3 Frequency Demodulators 183
Chapter 7 Digital Communication
Techniques 192
7-1 Digital Transmission 7-4 Pulse Modulation 222
of Data 193 7-5 Digital Signal
7-2 Parallel and Serial Processing 228
Transmission 194
7-3 Data Conversion 197
Chapter 8 Radio Transmitters 236
8-1 Transmitter Fundamentals 237 8-4 Impedance-Matching
Networks 276
8-2 Carrier Generators 241
8-5 Typical Transmitter
8-3 Power Amplifi ers 259
Circuits 286
Chapter 9 Communication Receivers 291
9-1 Basic Principles of Signal 9-5 Noise 314
Reproduction 292
9-6 Typical Receiver
9-2 Superheterodyne Circuits 325
Receivers 295
9-7 Receivers and
9-3 Frequency Conversion 297 Transceivers 334
9-4 Intermediate Frequency
and Images 306
iv Contents
Chapter 10 Multiplexing and
Demultiplexing 347
10-1 Multiplexing Principles 348 10-4 Pulse-Code
10-2 Frequency-Division Modulation 365
Multiplexing 349 10-5 Duplexing 371
10-3 Time-Division Multiplexing 357
Chapter 11 Digital Data Transmission 374
11-1 Digital Codes 375 11-6 Broadband Modem
11-2 Principles of Digital Techniques 412
Transmission 377 11-7 Error Detection and
11-3 Transmission Effi ciency 383 Correction 416
11-4 Modem Concepts and 11-8 Protocols 426
Methods 389
11-5 Wideband Modulation 403
Chapter 12 Fundamentals of Networking, Local-
Area Networks, and Ethernet 434
12-1 Network Fundamentals 435 12-3 Ethernet LANs 449
12-2 LAN Hardware 441 12-4 Advanced Ethernet 458
Chapter 13 Transmission Lines 462
13-1 Transmission Line 13-3 Transmission Lines as
Basics 463 Circuit Elements 485
13-2 Standing Waves 476 13-4 The Smith Chart 490
Chapter 14 Antennas and Wave
Propagation 504
14-1 Antenna Fundamentals 505 14-3 Radio Wave
14-2 Common Antenna Types 513 Propagation 538
Chapter 15 Internet Technologies 556
15-1 Internet Applications 557 15-3 Storage-Area
15-2 Internet Transmission Networks 577
Systems 561 15-4 Internet Security 580
Contents v
Chapter 16 Microwave and Millimeter-Wave
Communication 588
16-1 Microwave Concepts 589 16-5 Microwave Tubes 621
16-2 Microwave Lines 16-6 Microwave
and Devices 596 Antennas 625
16-3 Waveguides and Cavity 16-7 Microwave and
Resonators 605 Millimeter-Wave
16-4 Microwave Semiconductor Applications 642
Diodes 617
Chapter 17 Satellite Communication 655
17-1 Satellite Orbits 656 17-5 Satellite
17-2 Satellite Communication Applications 680
Systems 663 17-6 Global Navigation
17-3 Satellite Subsystems 667 Satellite Systems 685
17-4 Ground Stations 673
Chapter 18 Telecommunication Systems 695
18-1 Telephones 696 18-3 Facsimile 714
18-2 Telephone System 708 18-4 Internet Telephony 720
Chapter 19 Optical Communication 726
19-1 Optical Principles 727 19-5 Wavelength-Division
19-2 Optical Communication Multiplexing 762
Systems 731 19-6 Passive Optical
19-3 Fiber-Optic Cables 736 Networks 764
19-4 Optical Transmitters and 19-7 40/100-Gbps Networks
Receivers 747 and Beyond 767
Chapter 20 Cell Phone Technologies 775
20-1 Cellular Telephone 20-4 Long Term Evolution
Systems 776 and 4G Cellular
Systems 792
20-2 A Cellular Industry
Overview 782 20-5 Base Stations and
Small Cells 803
20-3 2 G and 3G Digital Cell
Phone Systems 785
vi Contents
Chapter 21 Wireless Technologies 815
21-1 Wireless LAN 817 21-6 Radio-Frequency
21-2 PANs and Bluetooth 824 Identifi cation
and Near-Field
21-3 ZigBee and Mesh Wireless
Communications 834
Networks 827
21-7 Ultrawideband
21-4 WiMAX and Wireless
Wireless 839
Metropolitan-Area
Networks 829 21-8 Additional Wireless
Applications 843
21-5 Infrared Wireless 830
Chapter 22 Communication Tests and
Measurements 849
22-1 Communication Test Equipment 850
22-2 Common Communication Tests 866
22-3 Troubleshooting Techniques 883
22-4 Electromagnetic Interference Testing 888
Answers to Selected Problems 896
Glossary 898
Credits 918
Index 919
Contents vii
Preface
This new fourth edition of Principles of Electronic Communication Systems is fully
revised and updated to make it one of the most current textbooks available on wireless,
n etworking, and other communications technologies. Because the fi eld of electronic
c ommunications changes so fast, it is a never-ending challenge to keep a textbook up to
date. While principles do not change, their emphasis and relevance do as technology
evolves. Furthermore, students need not only a fi rm grounding in the fundamentals but
also an essential understanding of the real world components, circuits, equipment, and
systems in everyday use. This latest edition attempts to balance the principles with an
overview of the latest techniques.
A continuing goal of this latest revision is to increase the emphasis on the system
level understanding of wireless, networking, and other communications technologies.
Because of the heavy integration of communications circuits today, the engineer and the
technician now work more with printed circuit boards, modules, plug-in cards, and equip-
ment rather than component level circuits. As a result, older obsolete circuits have been
removed from this text and replaced with more integrated circuits and block diagram level
analysis. Modern communications engineers and technicians work with specifi cations and
standards and spend their time testing, measuring, installing, and troubleshooting. This
edition moves in that direction. Detailed circuit analysis is still included in selected areas
where it proves useful in understanding the concepts and issues in current equipment.
In the past, a course in communications was considered an option in many elec-
tronic programs. Today, communications is the largest sector of the electronics fi eld
with the most employees and the largest equipment sales annually. In addition, wire-
less, networking, or other communications technologies are now contained in almost
every electronic product. This makes a knowledge and understanding of communica-
tion a must rather than an option for every student. Without at least one course in
communications, the student may graduate with an incomplete view of the products
and systems so common today. This book can provide the background to meet the
needs of such a general course.
As the Communications Editor for Electronic Design Magazine (Penton), I have
observed the continuous changes in the components, circuits, equipment, systems, and
applications of modern communications. As I research the fi eld, interview engineers and
executives, and attend the many conferences for the articles and columns I write, I have
come to see the growing importance of communications in all of our lives. I have tried
to bring that perspective to this latest edition where the most recent techniques and
technologies are explained. That perspective coupled with the feedback and insight from
some of you who teach this subject has resulted in a textbook that is better than ever.
New to this Edition
Here is a chapter-by-chapter summary of revisions and additions to this new edition.
Chapters 1–6 Updating of circuits. Removing obsolete circuits and adding current
circuits.
Chapter 7 U pdated section on data conversion, including a new section on overs-
ampling and undersampling.
viii
Chapter 8 Expanded coverage of the I/Q architecture for digital data transmis-
sion. New section on phase noise. Addition of broadband linear
power amplifi ers using feedforward and adaptive predistortion tech-
niques. New coverage of Doherty amplifi ers and envelope tracking
amplifi ers for improved power effi ciency. Addition of new IC trans-
mitters and transceivers. New coverage of LDMOS and GaN RF
power transistors.
Chapter 9 Expanded coverage of receiver sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio, its
importance and calculation. Addition of AWGN and expanded coverage
of intermodulation distortion. Increased coverage of the software-
defi ned radio (SDR). New IC receiver circuits and transceivers.
Chapter 10 Updated coverage of multiplexing and access techniques.
Chapter 11 Expanded coverage of digital modulation and spectral effi ciency.
Increased coverage of digital modulation schemes. New coverage of
DSL, ADSL, and VDSL. Addition of cable TV system coverage.
Improved coverage of the OSI model. Addition of an explanation of
how different digital modulation schemes affect the bit error rate
(BER) in communications systems. Updated sections on spread spec-
trum and OFDM. A new section on convolutional and turbo coding
and coding gain.
Chapter 12 Heavily revised to emphasize fundamentals and Ethernet. Dated mate-
rial removed. Expanded and updated to include the latest Ethernet stan-
dards for fi ber-optic and copper versions for 100 Gbps.
Chapter 13 Minor revisions and updates.
Chapter 14 M inor revisions and updates.
Chapter 15 Fully updated. Addition of coverage of IPv6 and the Optical Transport
Network standard.
Chapter 16 U pdated with new emphasis on millimeter waves. Updated circuitry.
Chapter 17 R evised and updated.
Chapter 18 Removal of dated material and updating.
Chapter 19 E xpanded section on MSA optical transceiver modules, types and
specifi cations. OM fi ber added. Addition of coverage of 100-Gbps
techniques, including Mach-Zehnder modulators and DP-QPSK
modulation.
Chapter 20 E xtensively revisions on cell phone technologies. New coverage on
HSPA and Long Term Evolution (LTE) 4G systems. Analysis of a
smartphone. Backhaul. A glimpse of 5G including small cells.
Chapter 21 U pdates include addition of the latest 802.11ac and 802.11ad Wi-Fi
standards. New coverage on machine-to-machine (M2M), the Internet
of Things (IoT), and white space technology.
Chapter 22 Revisions and updates include a new section on vector signal analyzers
and generators.
One major change is the elimination of the ineffective chapter summaries. Instead,
new Online Activity sections have been added to give students the opportunity to
further explore new communications techniques, to dig deeper into the theory, and to
become more adept at using the Internet to fi nd needed information. These activities
show students the massive stores of communications information they can tap for free
at any time.
In a large book such as this, it’s diffi cult to give every one what he or she wants. Some
want more depth, others greater breadth. I tried to strike a balance between the two. As
always, I am always eager to hear from those of you who use the book and welcome your
suggestions for the next edition.
Preface ix