Principles of communication: systems, modulation, and noise

746 Pages·2015·8.047 MB·English

by  Rodger E. Ziemer, William H. Tranter

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PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATIONS
Systems, Modulation,
and Noise
SEVENTH EDITION
RODGER E. ZIEMER
UniversityofColoradoatColoradoSprings
WILLIAM H. TRANTER
VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Ziemer,RodgerE.
Principlesofcommunication:systems,modulation,andnoise/RodgerE.Ziemer,
WilliamH.Tranter.−Seventhedition.
pages cm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-07891-4(paper)
1. Telecommunication. 2. Signaltheory(Telecommunication) I. Tranter,
WilliamH. II. Title.
TK5105.Z54 2014
621.382’2−dc23 2013034294
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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PREFACE
T
he firstedition of this book was published in 1976, less than a decade after Neil Armstrong became the
first man to walk on the moon in 1969. The programs that lead to the first moon landing gave birth to
manyadvancesinscienceandtechnology.Anumberoftheseadvances,especiallythoseinmicroelectronics
and digital signal processing (DSP), became enabling technologies for advances in communications. For
example,priorto1969,essentiallyallcommercialcommunicationsystems,includingradio,telephones,and
television,wereanalog.EnablingtechnologiesgaverisetotheinternetandtheWorldWideWeb,digitalradio
andtelevision,satellitecommunications,GlobalPositioningSystems,cellularcommunicationsforvoiceand
data,andahostofotherapplicationsthatimpactourdailylives.Anumberofbookshavebeenwrittenthat
provideanin-depthstudyoftheseapplications.Inthisbookwehavechosennottocoverapplicationareasin
detailbut,rather,tofocusonbasictheoryandfundamentaltechniques.Afirmunderstandingofbasictheory
preparesthestudenttopursuestudyofhigher-leveltheoreticalconceptsandapplications.
True to this philosophy, we continue to resist the temptation to include a variety of new applications
andtechnologiesinthiseditionandbelievethatapplicationexamplesandspecifictechnologies,whichoften
haveshortlifetimes,arebesttreatedinsubsequentcoursesafterstudentshavemasteredthebasictheoryand
analysistechniques.Reactionstopreviouseditionshaveshownthatemphasizingfundamentals,asopposed
tospecifictechnologies,servetheuserwellwhilekeepingthelengthofthebookreasonable.Thisstrategy
appearstohaveworkedwellforadvancedundergraduates,fornewgraduatestudentswhomayhaveforgotten
someofthefundamentals,andfortheworkingengineerwhomayusethebookasareferenceorwhomay
be taking a course after-hours. New developments that appear to be fundamental, such as multiple-input
multiple-output(MIMO)systemsandcapacity-approachingcodes,arecoveredinappropriatedetail.
Thetwomostobviouschangestotheseventheditionofthisbookaretheadditionofdrillproblemsto
theProblemssectionattheendofeachchapterandthedivisionofchapterthreeintotwochapters.Thedrill
problemsprovidethestudentproblem-solvingpracticewithrelativelysimpleproblems.Whilethesolutions
to these problems are straightforward, the complete set of drill problems covers the important concepts of
eachchapter.Chapter3,asitappearedinpreviouseditions,isnowdividedintotwochaptersmainlydueto
length.Chapter3nowfocusesonlinearanalogmodulationandsimplediscrete-timemodulationtechniques
that are direct applications of the sampling theorem. Chapter 4 now focuses on nonlinear modulation
techniques.Anumberofneworrevisedend-of-chapterproblemsareincludedinallchapters.
Inadditiontotheseobviouschanges,anumberofotherchangeshavebeenmadeineditionseven.An
exampleonsignalspacewasdeletedfromChapter2sinceitisreallynotnecessaryatthispointinthebook.
(Chapter 11 deals more fully with the concepts of signal space.) Chapter 3, as described in the previous
paragraph,nowdealswithlinearanalogmodulationtechniques.Asectiononmeasuringthemodulationindex
ofAMsignalsandmeasuringtransmitterlinearityhasbeenadded.Thesectiononanalogtelevisionhasbeen
deletedfromChapter3sinceitisnolongerrelevant.Finally,thesectiononadaptivedeltamodulationhas
beendeleted.Chapter4nowdealswithnon-linearanalogmodulationtechniques.Exceptfortheproblems,
no significant additions or deletions have been made to Chapter 5. The same is true of Chapters 6 and 7,
whichtreatprobabilityandrandomprocesses,respectively.Asectiononsignal-to-noiseratiomeasurement
hasbeenaddedtoChapter8,whichtreatsnoiseeffectsinmodulationsystems.Moredetailonbasicchannel
iii
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iv Preface
modelsforfadingchannelshasbeenaddedinChapter9alongwithsimulationresultsforbiterrorrate(BER)
performanceofaminimummean-squareerror(MMSE)equalizerwithoptimumweightsandanadditional
example of the MMSE equalizer with adaptive weights. Several changes have been made to Chapter 10.
Satellitecommunications wasreluctantlydeletedbecause itwouldhaverequiredaddingseveraladditional
pagestodoitjustice.AsectionwasaddedonMIMOsystemsusingtheAlamoutiapproach,whichconcludes
withaBERcurvecomparingperformancesof2-transmit1-receiveAlamoutisignalinginaRayleighfading
channel with a 2-transmit 2-receive diversity system. A short discussion was also added to Chapter 10
illustrating the features of 4G cellular communications as compared with 2G and 3G systems. With the
exception of the Problems, no changes have been made to Chapter 11. A ‘‘Quick Overview’’ section has
beenaddedtoChapter12discussingcapacity-approachingcodes,run-lengthcodes,anddigitaltelevision.
Afeatureofthelatereditionsof PrinciplesofCommunicationswastheinclusionofseveralcomputer
examples within each chapter. (MATLAB was chosen for these examples because of its widespread use
inbothacademicandindustrialsettings,aswellasforMATLAB’srichgraphicslibrary.)Thesecomputer
examples,whichrangefromprogramsforcomputingperformancecurvestosimulationprogramsforcertain
typesofcommunicationsystemsandalgorithms,allowthestudenttoobservethebehaviorofmorecomplex
systems without the need for extensive computations. These examples also expose the student to modern
computationaltoolsforanalysisandsimulationinthecontextofcommunicationsystems.Eventhoughwe
have limited the amount of this material in order to ensure that the character of the book is not changed,
the number of computer examples has been increased for the seventh edition. In addition to the in-chapter
computerexamples,anumberof‘‘computerexercises’’areincludedattheendofeachchapter.Thenumber
ofthesehasalsobeenincreasedintheseventhedition.Theseexercisesfollowtheend-of-chapterproblems
andaredesignedtomakeuseofthecomputerinordertoillustratebasicprinciplesandtoprovidethestudent
withadditionalinsight.Anumberofnewproblemshavebeenincludedattheendofeachchapterinaddition
toanumberofproblemsthatwererevisedfromthepreviousedition.
The publisher maintains a web site from which the source code for all in-chapter computer examples
canbedownloaded.AlsoincludedonthewebsiteareAppendixG(answerstothedrillproblems)andthe
bibliography.TheURLis
www.wiley.com/college/ziemer
Werecommendthat,althoughMATLABcodeisincludedinthetext,studentsdownloadMATLABcode
ofinterestfromthepublisherwebsite.Thecodeinthetextissubjecttoprintingandothertypesoferrorsand
isincludedtogivethestudentinsightintothecomputationaltechniquesusedfortheillustrativeexamples.
Inaddition,theMATLABcodeonthepublisherwebsiteisperiodicallyupdatedasneedjustifies.Thisweb
sitealsocontainscompletesolutionsfortheend-of-chapterproblemsandcomputerexercises.(Thesolutions
manualispasswordprotectedandisintendedonlyforcourseinstructors.)
We wish to thank the many persons who have contributed to the development of this textbook and
whohavesuggestedimprovementsforthisandpreviouseditionsofthisbook.Wealsoexpressourthanks
to the many colleagues who have offered suggestions to us by correspondence or verbally as well as the
industries and agencies that have supported our research. We especially thank our colleagues and students
attheUniversityofColoradoatColoradoSprings,theMissouriUniversityofScienceandTechnology,and
VirginiaTechfortheircommentsandsuggestions.Itistoourstudentsthatwededicatethisbook.Wehave
workedwithmanypeopleoverthepastfortyyearsandmanyofthemhavehelpedshapeourteachingand
researchphilosophy.Wethankthemall.
Finally,ourfamiliesdeservemuchmorethanasimplethanksforthepatienceandsupportthattheyhave
givenusthroughoutfortyyearsofseeminglyendlesswritingprojects.
RodgerE.Ziemer
WilliamH.Tranter
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 2.4.4 Convolution 38
2.4.5 TransformTheorems:Proofsand
INTRODUCTION 1
Applications 40
1.1 TheBlockDiagramofaCommunicationSystem 4
2.4.6 FourierTransformsofPeriodicSignals 48
1.2 ChannelCharacteristics 5
2.4.7 PoissonSumFormula 50
1.2.1 NoiseSources 5 2.5 PowerSpectralDensityandCorrelation 50
1.2.2 TypesofTransmissionChannels 7
2.5.1 TheTime-AverageAutocorrelationFunction 51
1.3 SummaryofSystems-AnalysisTechniques 13 2.5.2 Propertiesof𝑅(𝜏) 52
1.3.1 TimeandFrequency-DomainAnalyses 13 2.6 SignalsandLinearSystems 55
1.3.2 ModulationandCommunicationTheories 13
2.6.1 DefinitionofaLinearTime-Invariant
1.4 ProbabilisticApproachestoSystemOptimization 14 System 56
1.4.1 StatisticalSignalDetectionandEstimation 2.6.2 ImpulseResponseandtheSuperposition
Theory 14 Integral 56
1.4.2 InformationTheoryandCoding 15 2.6.3 Stability 58
1.4.3 RecentAdvances 16 2.6.4 Transfer(FrequencyResponse)Function 58
1.5 PreviewofThisBook 16 2.6.5 Causality 58
FurtherReading 16 2.6.6 SymmetryPropertiesof𝐻(𝑓) 59
2.6.7 Input-OutputRelationshipsforSpectral
Densities 62
CHAPTER 2 2.6.8 ResponsetoPeriodicInputs 62
SIGNALANDLINEARSYSTEMANALYSIS 17 2.6.9 DistortionlessTransmission 64
2.6.10 GroupandPhaseDelay 64
2.1 SignalModels 17
2.6.11 NonlinearDistortion 67
2.1.1 DeterministicandRandomSignals 17
2.6.12 IdealFilters 68
2.1.2 PeriodicandAperiodicSignals 18
2.6.13 ApproximationofIdealLowpassFiltersby
2.1.3 PhasorSignalsandSpectra 18
RealizableFilters 70
2.1.4 SingularityFunctions 21
2.6.14 RelationshipofPulseResolutionandRisetimeto
2.2 SignalClassifications 24 Bandwidth 75
2.3 FourierSeries 26 2.7 SamplingTheory 78
2.3.1 ComplexExponentialFourierSeries 26 2.8 TheHilbertTransform 82
2.3.2 SymmetryPropertiesoftheFourier 2.8.1 Definition 82
Coefficients 27
2.8.2 Properties 83
2.3.3 TrigonometricFormoftheFourierSeries 28
2.8.3 AnalyticSignals 85
2.3.4 Parseval’sTheorem 28
2.8.4 ComplexEnvelopeRepresentationofBandpass
2.3.5 ExamplesofFourierSeries 29 Signals 87
2.3.6 LineSpectra 30 2.8.5 ComplexEnvelopeRepresentationofBandpass
2.4 TheFourierTransform 34 Systems 89
2.4.1 AmplitudeandPhaseSpectra 35 2.9 TheDiscreteFourierTransformandFastFourier
2.4.2 SymmetryProperties 36 Transform 91
2.4.3 EnergySpectralDensity 37 FurtherReading 95
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vi Contents
Summary 95 4.5 AnalogPulseModulation 201
DrillProblems 98 4.5.1 Pulse-WidthModulation(PWM) 201
Problems 100 4.5.2 Pulse-PositionModulation(PPM) 203
ComputerExercises 111 4.6 Multiplexing 204
4.6.1 Frequency-DivisionMultiplexing 204
CHAPTER 3 4.6.2 ExampleofFDM:StereophonicFM
LINEARMODULATIONTECHNIQUES 112 Broadcasting 205
3.1 Double-SidebandModulation 113 4.6.3 QuadratureMultiplexing 206
3.2 AmplitudeModulation(AM) 116 4.6.4 ComparisonofMultiplexingSchemes 207
FurtherReading 208
3.2.1 EnvelopeDetection 118
Summary 208
3.2.2 TheModulationTrapezoid 122
DrillProblems 209
3.3 Single-Sideband(SSB)Modulation 124
Problems 210
3.4 Vestigial-Sideband(VSB)Modulation 133
ComputerExercises 213
3.5 FrequencyTranslationandMixing 136
3.6 InterferenceinLinearModulation 139
3.7 PulseAmplitudeModulation---PAM 142 CHAPTER 5
3.8 DigitalPulseModulation 144 PRINCIPLESOFBASEBANDDIGITALDATA
3.8.1 DeltaModulation 144 TRANSMISSION 215
3.8.2 Pulse-CodeModulation 146 5.1 BasebandDigitalDataTransmissionSystems 215
3.8.3 Time-DivisionMultiplexing 147 5.2 LineCodesandTheirPowerSpectra 216
3.8.4 AnExample:TheDigitalTelephoneSystem 149
5.2.1 DescriptionofLineCodes 216
FurtherReading 150
5.2.2 PowerSpectraforLine-CodedData 218
Summary 150 5.3 EffectsofFilteringofDigitalData---ISI 225
DrillProblems 151 5.4 PulseShaping:Nyquist’sCriterionforZeroISI 227
Problems 152
5.4.1 PulsesHavingtheZeroISIProperty 228
ComputerExercises 155
5.4.2 Nyquist’sPulse-ShapingCriterion 229
5.4.3 TransmitterandReceiverFiltersfor
CHAPTER 4 ZeroISI 231
ANGLEMODULATIONAND 5.5 Zero-ForcingEqualization 233
MULTIPLEXING 156 5.6 EyeDiagrams 237
4.1 PhaseandFrequencyModulationDefined 156 5.7 Synchronization 239
4.1.1 NarrowbandAngleModulation 157 5.8 CarrierModulationofBasebandDigitalSignals 243
4.1.2 SpectrumofanAngle-ModulatedSignal 161 FurtherReading 244
4.1.3 PowerinanAngle-ModulatedSignal 168 Summary 244
4.1.4 BandwidthofAngle-ModulatedSignals 168 DrillProblems 245
4.1.5 Narrowband-to-WidebandConversion 173 Problems 246
4.2 DemodulationofAngle-ModulatedSignals 175 ComputerExercises 249
4.3 FeedbackDemodulators:ThePhase-Locked
Loop 181
CHAPTER 6
4.3.1 Phase-LockedLoopsforFMandPM
OVERVIEWOFPROBABILITYANDRANDOM
Demodulation 181
VARIABLES 250
4.3.2 Phase-LockedLoopOperationintheTracking
Mode:TheLinearModel 184 6.1 WhatisProbability? 250
4.3.3 Phase-LockedLoopOperationintheAcquisition 6.1.1 EquallyLikelyOutcomes 250
Mode 189 6.1.2 RelativeFrequency 251
4.3.4 CostasPLLs 194 6.1.3 SampleSpacesandtheAxiomsof
4.3.5 FrequencyMultiplicationandFrequency Probability 252
Division 195 6.1.4 VennDiagrams 253
4.4 InterferenceinAngleModulation 196 6.1.5 SomeUsefulProbabilityRelationships 253
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Contents vii
6.1.6 TreeDiagrams 257 7.2.2 DescriptionofRandomProcessesinTermsof
6.1.7 SomeMoreGeneralRelationships 259 Jointpdfs 311
6.2 RandomVariablesandRelatedFunctions 260 7.2.3 Stationarity 311
7.2.4 PartialDescriptionofRandomProcesses:
6.2.1 RandomVariables 260
Ergodicity 312
6.2.2 Probability(Cumulative)Distribution
7.2.5 MeaningsofVariousAveragesforErgodic
Functions 262
Processes 315
6.2.3 Probability-DensityFunction 263
7.3 CorrelationandPowerSpectralDensity 316
6.2.4 Jointcdfsandpdfs 265
6.2.5 TransformationofRandomVariables 270 7.3.1 PowerSpectralDensity 316
6.3 StatisticalAverages 274 7.3.2 TheWiener--KhinchineTheorem 318
7.3.3 PropertiesoftheAutocorrelationFunction 320
6.3.1 AverageofaDiscreteRandomVariable 274
7.3.4 AutocorrelationFunctionsforRandomPulse
6.3.2 AverageofaContinuousRandomVariable 275
Trains 321
6.3.3 AverageofaFunctionofaRandom
7.3.5 Cross-CorrelationFunctionandCross-Power
Variable 275
SpectralDensity 324
6.3.4 AverageofaFunctionofMoreThanOne
7.4 LinearSystemsandRandomProcesses 325
RandomVariable 277
6.3.5 VarianceofaRandomVariable 279 7.4.1 Input-OutputRelationships 325
6.3.6 AverageofaLinearCombinationof𝑁Random 7.4.2 FilteredGaussianProcesses 327
Variables 280 7.4.3 Noise-EquivalentBandwidth 329
6.3.7 VarianceofaLinearCombinationofIndependent 7.5 NarrowbandNoise 333
RandomVariables 281 7.5.1 Quadrature-ComponentandEnvelope-Phase
6.3.8 AnotherSpecialAverage---TheCharacteristic Representation 333
Function 282 7.5.2 ThePowerSpectralDensityFunctionof𝑛𝑐(𝑡)and
6.3.9 ThepdfoftheSumofTwoIndependentRandom 𝑛𝑠(𝑡) 335
Variables 283 7.5.3 RiceanProbabilityDensityFunction 338
6.3.10 CovarianceandtheCorrelationCoefficient 285 FurtherReading 340
6.4 SomeUsefulpdfs 286 Summary 340
6.4.1 BinomialDistribution 286 DrillProblems 341
6.4.2 LaplaceApproximationtotheBinomial Problems 342
Distribution 288 ComputerExercises 348
6.4.3 PoissonDistributionandPoissonApproximation
totheBinomialDistribution 289
6.4.4 GeometricDistribution 290 CHAPTER 8
6.4.5 GaussianDistribution 291 NOISEINMODULATIONSYSTEMS 349
6.4.6 Gaussian𝑄-Function 295
8.1 Signal-to-NoiseRatios 350
6.4.7 Chebyshev’sInequality 296
8.1.1 BasebandSystems 350
6.4.8 CollectionofProbabilityFunctionsandTheir
8.1.2 Double-SidebandSystems 351
MeansandVariances 296
FurtherReading 298 8.1.3 Single-SidebandSystems 353
Summary 298 8.1.4 AmplitudeModulationSystems 355
DrillProblems 300 8.1.5 AnEstimatorforSignal-to-NoiseRatios 361
Problems 301 8.2 NoiseandPhaseErrorsinCoherentSystems 366
ComputerExercises 307 8.3 NoiseinAngleModulation 370
8.3.1 TheEffectofNoiseontheReceiverInput 370
8.3.2 DemodulationofPM 371
CHAPTER 7 8.3.3 DemodulationofFM:AboveThreshold
RANDOMSIGNALSANDNOISE 308 Operation 372
7.1 ARelative-FrequencyDescriptionofRandom 8.3.4 PerformanceEnhancementthroughtheUseof
Processes 308 De-emphasis 374
7.2 SomeTerminologyofRandomProcesses 310 8.4 ThresholdEffectinFMDemodulation 376
7.2.1 SampleFunctionsandEnsembles 310 8.4.1 ThresholdEffectsinFMDemodulators 376
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viii Contents
8.5 NoiseinPulse-CodeModulation 384 CHAPTER 10
8.5.1 PostdetectionSNR 384 ADVANCEDDATACOMMUNICATIONS
8.5.2 Companding 387 TOPICS 477
FurtherReading 389 10.1 M-aryDataCommunicationsSystems 477
Summary 389
10.1.1 M-arySchemesBasedonQuadrature
DrillProblems 391
Multiplexing 477
Problems 391
10.1.2 OQPSKSystems 481
ComputerExercises 394
10.1.3 MSKSystems 482
10.1.4 M-aryDataTransmissioninTermsofSignal
CHAPTER 9 Space 489
PRINCIPLESOFDIGITALDATATRANSMISSION 10.1.5 QPSKinTermsofSignalSpace 491
INNOISE 396 10.1.6 M-aryPhase-ShiftKeying 493
9.1 BasebandDataTransmissioninWhiteGaussian 10.1.7 Quadrature-AmplitudeModulation
Noise 398 (QAM) 495
9.2 BinarySynchronousDataTransmissionwith 10.1.8 CoherentFSK 497
ArbitrarySignalShapes 404 10.1.9 NoncoherentFSK 498
9.2.1 ReceiverStructureandErrorProbability 404 10.1.10 DifferentiallyCoherentPhase-Shift
Keying 502
9.2.2 TheMatchedFilter 407
10.1.11 BitErrorProbabilityfromSymbolError
9.2.3 ErrorProbabilityfortheMatched-Filter
Probability 503
Receiver 410
10.1.12 ComparisonofM-aryCommunicationsSystems
9.2.4 CorrelatorImplementationoftheMatched-Filter
ontheBasisofBitErrorProbability 505
Receiver 413
10.1.13 ComparisonofM-aryCommunicationsSystems
9.2.5 OptimumThreshold 414
ontheBasisofBandwidthEfficiency 508
9.2.6 Nonwhite(Colored)NoiseBackgrounds 414
10.2 PowerSpectraforDigitalModulation 510
9.2.7 ReceiverImplementationImperfections 415
10.2.1 QuadratureModulationTechniques 510
9.2.8 ErrorProbabilitiesforCoherentBinary
Signaling 415 10.2.2 FSKModulation 514
10.2.3 Summary 516
9.3 ModulationSchemesnotRequiringCoherent
References 421 10.3 Synchronization 516
9.3.1 DifferentialPhase-ShiftKeying(DPSK) 422 10.3.1 CarrierSynchronization 517
9.3.2 DifferentialEncodingandDecodingofData 427 10.3.2 SymbolSynchronization 520
9.3.3 NoncoherentFSK 429 10.3.3 WordSynchronization 521
9.4 M-aryPulse-AmplitudeModulation(PAM) 431 10.3.4 Pseudo-Noise(PN)Sequences 524
9.5 ComparisonofDigitalModulationSystems 435 10.4 Spread-SpectrumCommunicationSystems 528
9.6 NoisePerformanceofZero-ISIDigitalData 10.4.1 Direct-SequenceSpreadSpectrum 530
TransmissionSystems 438 10.4.2 PerformanceofDSSSinCWInterference
9.7 MultipathInterference 443 Environments 532
9.8 FadingChannels 449 10.4.3 PerformanceofSpreadSpectruminMultiple
UserEnvironments 533
9.8.1 BasicChannelModels 449
10.4.4 Frequency-HopSpreadSpectrum 536
9.8.2 Flat-FadingChannelStatisticsandError
Probabilities 450 10.4.5 CodeSynchronization 537
9.9 Equalization 455 10.4.6 Conclusion 539
10.5 MulticarrierModulationandOrthogonal
9.9.1 EqualizationbyZero-Forcing 455
Frequency-DivisionMultiplexing 540
9.9.2 EqualizationbyMMSE 459
10.6 CellularRadioCommunicationSystems 545
9.9.3 TapWeightAdjustment 463
FurtherReading 466 10.6.1 BasicPrinciplesofCellularRadio 546
Summary 466 10.6.2 ChannelPerturbationsinCellularRadio 550
DrillProblems 468 10.6.3 Multiple-InputMultiple-Output(MIMO)
Systems---ProtectionAgainstFading 551
Problems 469
10.6.4 Characteristicsof1Gand2GCellular
ComputerExercises 476
Systems 553
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