Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience

626 Pages·2012·69.66 MB·English

by  Dale Purvas, Roberto Cabeza, Scott A. Huettel, Kevin S. LaBar, Michael L. Platt, Marty G. Woldorff

PRINCIPLES OF
Cognitive Neuroscience
SECOND EDITION

PRINCIPLES OF
Cognitive
Neuroscience
SECOND EDITION
Dale Purves
Roberto Cabeza
Scott A. Huettel
Kevin S. LaBar
Michael L. Platt
Marty G. Woldorff
Contributor
Elizabeth M. Brannon
Center for Cognitive Neuroscience
Duke University
Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers
Sunderland, MA U.S.A.
THE COVER
Brainbow image courtesy of Jean Livet, Josh Sanes, and Jeff Lichtman, 2007,
Harvard University. Head image © 3D4Medical/Photo Researchers, Inc.
PRINCIPLES OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE, SECOND EDITION
Copyright © 2013 by Sinauer Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part without permission
from the publisher.
Address inquiries and orders to
Sinauer Associates, Inc.
P.O. Box 407
Sunderland, MA 01375 U.S.A.
www.sinauer.com
FAX: [phone]
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Principles of cognitive neuroscience / Dale Purves ... [et al.]. -- 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-87893-573-4
I. Purves, Dale.
[DNLM: 1. Mental Processes--physiology. 2. Brain--physiology. 3. Neuropsy-
chology. WL 337]
612.8’233--dc23
2012023689
Printed in U.S.A.
5 4 3 2
Contents in Brief
CHAPTER 1 Cognitive Neuroscience: Definitions, Themes, and Approaches 1
CHAPTER 2 The Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience 17
CHAPTER 3 Sensory Systems and Perception: Vision 55
CHAPTER 4 Sensory Systems and Perception: Auditory, Mechanical,
and Chemical Senses 93
CHAPTER 5 Motor Systems: The Organization of Action 131
CHAPTER 6 Attention and Its Effects on Stimulus Processing 167
CHAPTER 7 The Control of Attention 205
CHAPTER 8 Memory: Varieties and Mechanisms 243
CHAPTER 9 Declarative Memory 279
CHAPTER 10 Emotion 319
CHAPTER 11 Social Cognition 359
CHAPTER 12 Language 393
CHAPTER 13 Executive Functions 429
CHAPTER 14 Decision Making 465
CHAPTER 15 Evolution and Development of Brain and Cognition 503
APPENDIX The Human Nervous System 539
Contents
1
Cognitive Neuroscience:
Definitions, Themes, and Approaches 1
Introduction 1
Cognition 2
Natural philosophy and early psychology 2
Behaviorism 2
Cognitive science 3
Neuroscience 5
Cognitive Neuroscience:
The Neurobiological Approach to Cognition 9
Methods: Convergence and Complementarity 10
Conclusions 14
■ BOX 1A CONVERGENCE THROUGH META-ANALYSIS 12
2
The Methods of Cognitive
Neuroscience 17
Introduction 17
Brain Perturbations That Elucidate Cognitive Functions 19
Perturbations imposed by stroke, trauma, or disease 19
Pharmacological perturbations 21
Perturbation by intracranial brain stimulation 26
Perturbation by extracranial brain stimulation 26
Optogenetics 28
Measuring Neural Activity during Cognitive Processing 29
Direct electrophysiological recording from neurons 29
Electroencephalography (EEG) 31
Event-related potentials (ERPs) 34
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 36
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging 38
CONTENTS ■ vii
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (functional MRI or fMRI) 39
Using fMRI to analyze activation patterns within a brain area 42
Using fMRI to examine activity relationships between brain areas 44
Optical brain imaging 45
Assembling Evidence and Delineating Mechanisms 46
Associations and dissociations 46
Multimethodological approaches 48
■ INTRODUCTORY BOX EARLY BRAIN MAPPING
IN HUMANS 18
■ BOX 2A AN INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL
BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES 22
■ BOX 2B IMAGING STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS
IN THE BRAIN 24
■ BOX 2C NEUROIMAGING GENOMICS 51
3
Sensory Systems
and Perception: Vision 55
Introduction 55
Visual Stimuli 55
The Initiation of Vision 56
Subcortical Visual Processing 59
Cortical Visual Processing 61
Other Key Characteristics of the Visual Cortex 64
Topography 64
Cortical magnification 66
Cortical modularity 66
Visual receptive fields 67
Visual Perception 69
Lightness and brightness 69
Color 73
Form 76
Distance and depth 79
Motion 83
Object recognition 85
Perceiving remembered images 88
■ INTRODUCTORY BOX PROSOPAGNOSIA 56
■ BOX 3A SYNESTHESIA 65
■ BOX 3B MEASURING PERCEPTION 70
■ BOX 3C THE INVERSE PROBLEM 78