Principles of Applied Remote Sensing

313 Pages·2016·28.56 MB·English

by  Siamak Khorram

Principles of Applied Remote Sensing
Siamak Khorram • Cynthia F. van der Wiele
Frank H. Koch • Stacy A. C. Nelson
Matthew D. Potts
Principles of Applied
Remote Sensing
1 3
Siamak Khorram Stacy A. C. Nelson
Environmental Sci. Policy & Mgmt. North Carolina State University
University of California, Berkeley Center for Geospatial Analytics
Berkeley, California Raleigh, North Carolina
US US
and
Center for Geospatial Analytics Matthew D. Potts
North Carolina State University Environmental Sci Policy & Mgmt
Raleigh, North Carolina University of California Berkeley
Berkeley, California
Cynthia F. van der Wiele US
US Environmental Protection Agency
Region 4 NEPA Program Office
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
US
Frank H. Koch
Southern Research Station
USDA Forest Service
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
US
© NASA/DMSP. Europe at night. Human-made lights highlight particularly developed or
populated areas of the Earth’s surface, including the seaboards of Europe. These images are
actually a composite of hundreds of pictures made by U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellites
Program (DMSP). The Nighttime Lights of the World is compiled from the October 1994 -
March 1995. Data was collected when moonlight was low.
ISBN 978-3-319-22559-3 ISBN 978-3-319-22560-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-22560-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015954662
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
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Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Steven M. Unikewicz, ASME, for his enthusiastic con-
tributions in reviewing, critiquing, and providing suggestions on ways to present
our materials to be understood by students of many disciplines. We are also thank-
ful to Joshua Verkerke of the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and
Management (ESPM), University of California, Berkeley, for his contributions in
processing certain images of Southern California for this book.
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Contents
1 Remote Sensing: Past and Present ........................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 1
1.2 A Brief History of Remote Sensing ..................................................... 2
1.3 W hat Is Remote Sensing, and Why Do It? .......................................... 8
1.4 T he Electromagnetic Spectrum ........................................................... 11
1.5 P hoto Interpretation, Photogrammetry, and Image Processing ........... 14
1.6 T he Importance of Accuracy Assessment ........................................... 15
1.7 C ost Effectiveness and Reach Versus Richness of Remote
Sensing Technology ............................................................................ 15
1.8 O rganization of This Book .................................................................. 16
1.9 Review Questions ................................................................................ 17
References .................................................................................................... 18
Suggested Reading .............................................................................. 19
Relevant Websites ............................................................................... 19
2 Data Acquisition ......................................................................................... 21
2.1 Data Resolution ................................................................................... 21
2.2 Payloads and Platforms: An Overview ............................................... 34
2.2.1 A irborne Platforms .................................................................. 35
2.2.2 S paceborne Platforms .............................................................. 42
2.3 Review Questions ................................................................................ 61
References .................................................................................................... 62
Suggested Reading .............................................................................. 67
Relevant Websites ............................................................................... 67
3 Data Processing Tools ................................................................................ 69
3.1 Display of Multispectral Image Data .................................................. 69
3.2 Preprocessing Image Data ................................................................... 71
3.2.1 Geometric Correction .............................................................. 71
3.2.2 Atmospheric Correction .......................................................... 73
3.2.3 R adiometric Correction ........................................................... 74
3.2.4 B and Combinations, Ratios, and Indices ................................ 75
3.2.5 D ata Fusion ............................................................................. 78
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3.3 Image Processing .............................................................................. 83
3.3.1 S election of a Classification Scheme .................................... 85
3.3.2 O ptimum Band Selection Prior to Classification .................. 86
3.3.3 Unsupervised Classification .................................................. 88
3.3.4 Supervised Classification ...................................................... 89
3.3.5 F uzzy Logic Classification .................................................... 93
3.3.6 Other Classification Approaches ........................................... 95
3.4 P ost-processing Image Data .............................................................. 99
3.4.1 Spatial Filters ........................................................................ 99
3.4.2 A ccuracy Assessment ............................................................ 101
3.4.3 Change Detection .................................................................. 102
3.4.4 D ata Integration and Geospatial Modeling ........................... 108
3.4.5 P rocessing of Airborne LiDAR Data .................................... 114
3.5 S ummary ........................................................................................... 116
3.6 R eview Questions .............................................................................. 116
References .................................................................................................. 117
Suggested Reading ............................................................................ 124
4 Terrestrial Applications of Remote Sensing........................................... 125
4.1 Classifying Land Use and Land Cover ............................................. 126
4.2 Understanding and Protecting Biodiversity Through
Wildlife Tracking .............................................................................. 130
4.3 Water Resources ................................................................................ 132
4.4 Forest Resources ............................................................................... 136
4.4.1 Forest Health ......................................................................... 140
4.4.2 Biomass Estimation ............................................................... 142
4.4.3 Carbon Estimation ................................................................. 146
4.4.4 W ildland Fire Risk Assessment ............................................. 150
4.5 O ptimizing Sustainable Food and Fiber Production through
Remote Sensing ................................................................................. 155
4.5.1 I mproving Wine Harvest and Quality ................................... 158
4.5.2 U sing Remote Sensing to Optimize Grazing
and Improve Wool Quality .................................................... 160
4.6 E xploring and Monitoring Oil, Gas, and Mineral Resources ............ 160
4.7 Using Remote Sensing for Humanitarian and Peace-Keeping
Operations ......................................................................................... 163
4.8 A rchaeology and Cultural Heritage ................................................... 164
4.9 Summary ........................................................................................... 166
4.10 Review Questions .............................................................................. 167
References .................................................................................................. 168
Additional Reading ........................................................................... 175
Relevant Websites ............................................................................. 176
Contents ix
5 Atmospheric Applications of Remote Sensing ....................................... 177
5.1 Weather Forecasting and Extreme Weather Events ........................... 178
5.1.1 M easuring Precipitation from Space ..................................... 179
5.2 Public Health ..................................................................................... 180
5.2.1 Measuring Air Pollution to Understand Human
and Ecosystem Health Impacts ............................................. 181
5.3 A ppraising and Predicting Episodic Events ...................................... 183
5.3.1 Monitoring and Forecasting Volcanic Activity ..................... 184
5.3.2 Using Remote Sensing for Early Warning of Dust Storms ... 186
5.4 G lobal Climate Change ..................................................................... 189
5.5 Review Questions .............................................................................. 196
References .................................................................................................. 196
Additional Reading ........................................................................... 198
Relevant Websites ............................................................................. 199
6 Observing Coastal and Ocean Ecosystems ............................................ 201
6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 201
6.2 Using Remote Sensing to Map Ocean Color,
Phytoplankton, and Chlorophyll Concentration ................................ 204
6.3 Remote Sensing of Eutrophication and Ocean Hypoxia ................... 209
6.4 Using Remote Sensing to Map the Sea Surface Temperature
and Circulation Patterns .................................................................... 211
6.5 Spatial Analysis of Submersed Aquatic Vegetation .......................... 213
6.6 Remote Sensing of Coastal Bathymetry ........................................... 215
6.7 Remote Sensing of Coral Reefs ........................................................ 217
6.8 Achieving Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Management ...... 221
6.9 Ocean Observation Networks ........................................................... 222
6.9.1 Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) ............................ 222
6.9.2 Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) .... 223
6.9.3 E uropean Marine Observation and Data Network
(EMODnet) ........................................................................... 223
6.9.4 U S Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) ............... 223
6.10 Review Questions .............................................................................. 224
References .................................................................................................. 225
Additional Reading ........................................................................... 228
Relevant Websites ............................................................................. 228
7 The Final Frontier: Building New Knowledge Through
Planetary and Extrasolar Observation .................................................. 229
7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 229
7.2 L unar Exploration ............................................................................. 232
7.3 M ercury, Venus, and Mars ................................................................. 237
7.4 J upiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune ................................................ 242
7.5 P luto and the Kuiper Belt .................................................................. 246
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7.6 T he Sun ............................................................................................. 247
7.7 Extrasolar Remote Sensing ............................................................... 248
7.8 Review Questions .............................................................................. 253
References .................................................................................................. 253
Additional Reading ........................................................................... 258
Relevant Websites ............................................................................. 258
8 International Laws, Charters, and Policies ........................................... 261
8.1 I ntroduction ....................................................................................... 261
8.2 O rigin and Focus of International Space Law ................................... 262
8.3 T he International Charter on Space and Major Disasters ................. 265
8.4 N ational Policies Governing Remotely Sensed Data ........................ 266
8.4.1 C ommon Themes and Policy Solutions ................................ 267
8.4.2 U S Laws and Policies ............................................................ 268
8.4.3 L egal Frameworks Within the European Union .................... 270
8.4.4 A sian Policies ........................................................................ 270
8.4.5 A ustralian Remote Sensing Policy ........................................ 271
8.4.6 R emote Sensing Policies on the African Continent .............. 271
8.5 T he Future of Remote Sensing Laws and Policy .............................. 272
8.6 Review Questions .............................................................................. 273
References .................................................................................................. 273
Suggested Reading ............................................................................ 274
Relevant Websites ............................................................................. 275
9 Future Trends in Remote Sensing .......................................................... 277
9.1 F uture Advances in Hardware and Software ..................................... 277
9.2 O pen, Social, and Timely .................................................................. 279
9.3 I nterdisciplinarity and Big Data ........................................................ 282
9.4 C oncluding Thoughts ........................................................................ 283
9.5 R eview Questions .............................................................................. 284
References .................................................................................................. 284
Suggested Reading ............................................................................ 285
Appendix 1: Answers to Questions .............................................................. 287
Index ............................................................................................................... 301
About the authors
Siamak Khorram has joint appointments as a professor of remote sensing and
image processing at both the University of California at Berkeley and North Caro-
lina State University. He is also the founding director of the Center for Geospatial
Analytics and a professor of electrical and computer engineering at North Carolina
State University and a member of the Board of Trustees at International Space Uni-
versity (ISU) in Strasbourg, France. Dr. Khorram was the first dean of ISU and a
former vice president for academic programs as well as a former chair of the ISU’s
Academic Council. He has also served as the American Society for Engineering
Education (ASEE) fellow at Stanford University and NASA Ames Research Cen-
ter. Dr. Khorram has extensive research and teaching experience in remote sens-
ing, image processing, and geospatial technologies and has authored well over 200
publications. He has served as the guiding professor for numerous PhD and masters
graduate students. He is a member of several professional and scientific societies.
His graduate degrees were awarded by the University of California at Davis and
Berkeley.
Cynthia F. van der Wiele is a senior physical scientist with the US Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA), Region 4, NEPA Program Office. Previously, she was
a research associate and adjunct faculty at North Carolina State University. Her
research interests include the development of high accuracy land use/land cover
classifications for analysis and improved land use and conservation planning and
policies. Dr. van der Wiele received her BS in engineering and Masters of Land-
scape Architecture from North Carolina State University, a Masters in Forestry and
a Masters in Environmental Economics and Policy from Duke University, and her
PhD in community and environmental design from North Carolina State University.
She is active in several national and international professional societies.
Frank H. Koch is a research ecologist with the US Department of Agriculture
(USDA) Forest Service. Previously, he was a research assistant professor at the
North Carolina State University. His primary area of research is alien forest pest in-
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