Principles and practice of stress management

752 Pages·2007·3.43 MB·English

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE
OF STRESS MANAGEMENT

Principles and Practice of
Stress
Management
THIRD EDITION
Edited by
Paul M. Lehrer
Robert L. Woolfolk
Wesley E. Sime
Foreword by David H. Barlow
THE GUILFORD PRESS
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©2007TheGuilfordPress
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Principlesandpracticeofstressmanagement/editedbyPaulM.Lehrer,RobertL.Woolfolk,
WesleyE.Sime;forewordbyDavidH.Barlow.—3rded.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-10:1-59385-000-X ISBN-13:978-1-59385-000-5(cloth:alk.paper)
1. Stressmanagement. I. Lehrer,PaulM. II. Woolfolk,RobertL. III. Sime,WesleyE.
[DNLM: 1. Stress,Psychological—prevention&control. 2. Stress,Psychological—
therapy. 3. RelaxationTechniques. WM172P9572007]
RA785.P752007
155.9′042—dc22
2007024866
We dedicate this volume to Dr. Edmund Jacobson.
He was one of the great founders of psychosomatic medicine
and one of the first researchers to examine both the effectiveness
and the mechanism for salutary effects of a standardized,
scientifically derived stress management method.
He also was coinventor of the first device to measure relaxation
by surface electromyography, and thus became a grandfather
of a major branch of stress psychophysiology and biofeedback.
He was our teacher and our inspiration.
To David, Sylvie, and Ariana.
There is no greater source of joy and well-being
than playing with beautiful grandchildren.
—P. M. L.
To Col. R. L. Woolfolk, USA
—R. L. W.
To Maxine, Natalie, Danika, Brandon, Andrea, and Craig
for making my life special and all the work worthwhile
—W. E. S.

About the Editors
PaulM.Lehrer,PhD,isaclinicalpsychologistandProfessorofPsychiatryattheUniver-
sityofMedicineandDentistryofNewJersey–RobertWoodJohnsonMedicalSchool.He
haspublishedmorethan100articlesandchapters,mostlyonbiofeedback,psychophysi-
ology, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Dr. Lehrer is past president of the Association
for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback and has received their Distinguished Sci-
entistAward.HehasalsorecentlyservedaspresidentoftheInternationalSocietyforthe
Advancement of Respiratory Psychophysiology and of the International Stress Manage-
ment Association—USA Branch.
Robert L. Woolfolk, PhD, is Professor of Psychology and Philosophy at Rutgers, The
StateUniversityofNewJersey,andVisitingProfessorofPsychologyatPrincetonUniver-
sity. He has published numerous papers and several books on psychotherapy, psycho-
pathology, and the philosophical foundations of psychology. A practicing clinician for
more than 30 years, Dr. Woolfolk has sought in both his work with patients and his
scholarlyendeavorstointegratethescientificandhumanistictraditionsofpsychotherapy.
HeisthecoauthorofStress,Sanity,andSurvivalandTreatingSomatization:ACognitive-
BehavioralApproach,andtheauthorofTheCureofSouls:Science,Values,andPsycho-
therapy.
WesleyE.Sime,PhD,isahealthpsychologistandstressphysiologistandProfessorinthe
Department of Nutrition and Health Science at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. He
ispastchairofboththeBiofeedbackCertificationInstituteofAmerica(BCIA)andtheIn-
ternational Stress Management Association—USA Branch (ISMA-USA). He was one of
thefoundersoftheStressManagementCertificationprogramthroughBCIAandcontin-
ues to work with ISMA-USA. Dr. Sime was an early contemporary of Hans Selye and
EdmundJacobsonandcontinuestofacilitatestressmanagementdevelopmentswithPaul
Rosch, Charles Spielberger, and James Quick. He is also a consultant in medical and
sports performance settings.
vii
Contributors
Lesley A. Allen, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New
Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
Frank Andrasik, PhD, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, University of West Florida,
Pensacola, Florida
Aaron T. Beck, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
Douglas A. Bernstein, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa,
Florida
Joke Bradt, PhD, The Arts and Quality of Life Research Center, Temple University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Charles R. Carlson, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
Kentucky
Patricia Carrington, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Dentistry
of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
Kevin Chen, PhD, Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland
Paul Davis, MEd, Department of Agricultural Leadership, Education, and Communication,
University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
Cheryl Dileo, PhD, Department of Music Education and Therapy, and The Arts and Quality of
Life Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Erika J. Eisenberg, MA, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York,
New York
Steven L. Fahrion, PhD, Life Sciences Institute of Mind–Body Health, Topeka, Kansas (retired)
Jonathan M. Feldman, PhD, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University,
New York, New York
Eduardo Gambini-Suárez, BA, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New
York, New York
Richard N. Gevirtz, PhD, California School of Professional Psychology, Alliant International
University, San Diego, California
Nicholas D. Giardino, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School,
Ann Arbor, Michigan
viii
Contributors ix
Lee Hyer, EdD, Department of Psychiatry, Mercer University School of Medicine and Georgia
Neurosurgical Institute, Macon, Georgia
Robert A. Karlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey,
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Sat Bir S. Khalsa, PhD, Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Jean L. Kristeller, PhD, Department of Psychology, Indiana State University,
Terre Haute, Indiana
Bonnie Kushner, PhD, private practice, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Paul M. Lehrer, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Dentistry
of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
Wolfgang Linden, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
Angele McGrady, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
F. J. McGuigan, PhD (deceased), Institute for Stress Management, U.S. International University,
San Diego, California
Donald Meichenbaum, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada (emeritus); Melissa Institute for Violence Prevention and Treatment of Victims
of Violence, Miami, Florida
Jack H. Nassau, PhD, Bradley/Hasbro Children’s Research Center, Department of Psychiatry
and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence,
Rhode Island
Patricia A. Norris, PhD, Life Sciences Institute of Mind–Body Health, Topeka, Kansas (retired)
Leo O. Oikawa, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Dentistry
of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
Laszlo A. Papp, MD, Department of Clinical Psychobiology, New York State Psychiatric
Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
James L. Pretzer, PhD, Cleveland Center for Cognitive Therapy, Behavioral Health Associates,
Inc., Beachwood, Ohio
James Robertson, MS, Department of Sports Studies, St. Andrews Presbyterian College,
Laurinburg, North Carolina
John E. Schmidt, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
Wesley E. Sime, PhD, Department of Health and Human Performance,
University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
Jonathan C. Smith, PhD, The Stress Institute, Department of Psychology, Roosevelt University,
Chicago, Illinois
Lynda Thompson, PhD, Biofeedback Institute of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Michael Thompson, MD, Biofeedback Institute of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Jan van Dixhoorn, MD, PhD, The Center for Breathing Therapy, Amersfoort, The Netherlands;
Kennemer Hospital, Haarlem, The Netherlands
Robert L. Woolfolk, PhD, Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton,
New Jersey
Foreword
Fromthefight–flightresponseidentifiedbythegreatphysiologistWalterCannonandthe
classic stages of the stress response described by Hans Selye, to the intriguing and
uniquely feminine “tend-and-befriend” response to stress described by Shelly Taylor
(Taylor et al., 2000), the concept of stress is universal. While the prevalence of physical
diseaseandpsychopathologyisrelativelysmallforeachdisorder,thedeleteriouseffectsof
stress are something that almost everyone experiences from time to time. The conse-
quences of excessive stress, ranging from increased vulnerability to the common cold to
clearly established excessive mortality from various disease processes (Cohen, Doyle, &
Skoner, 1999; Vaillant, 1979), are issues that concern societies around the world.
The universality of stress is never more evident than in Robert Sapolsky’s eloquent
description of stress in the animal kingdom, specifically his extensively studied free-
ranging baboons in East Africa (Sapolsky, 1990, 2000). In a series of elegant observa-
tional studies, he chronicles the life-shortening and brain-altering effects of finding
oneself at the bottom of the social hierarchy and/or fighting continually to keep a more
elevated spot in the hierarchy. It has been widely acknowledged that levels and intensity
of stress in our daily lives increase over time, particularly levels of stress occasioned by
fragmentingsystemsofsocialsupport.Buthowshouldweasasocietyensurethatwedo
notfindourselvessystematicallyreplicatingtheexperienceofSapolsky’sbaboonsbysuf-
feringtheravagesofhypercortisolemia,neverknowingwhenthenextattackorchallenge
will occur, and with little or no confidence that we can cope when they do?
Thelong-rangeanswertothismostbasicofallhumandilemmasistoreorganizethe
priorities in society to maximize social and community support and minimize the extent
ofthosechallengesandburdensfromourday-to-daylifethatarebeyondourreasonable
capabilities.Thesefundamentalsocietalchangeswillbealongtimecoming.Inthemean-
time,societiesaroundtheworld,reflectingtheuniversalityofstress,haveoriginatedtheir
ownprocedurestoreducestressorincreaseone’scapacitytocopewiththesometimesun-
bearable burdens of life. Perhaps the best known of these strategies are the mindfulness
andmeditationpracticesofthegreatEasternreligions.Intheirtotality,thesetacticshave
come to be known as stress management procedures and comprise an important part of
our lives, sometimes permeating our cultures. In this excellent compendium, strategies
from around the world that have received empirical support for successfully managing
andreducingstressaredescribedinsuchawayastoenablepracticingclinicianstoincor-
porate them into their practice.
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