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Access to the eBook is limited to the first individual who redeems the PIN, located on the inside cover of this book, at expertconsult.inkling.com and may not be transferred to another party by resale, lending, or other means. 2020_PC PRINCIPLES and BIOMECHANICS of ALIGNER TREATMENT This page intentionally left blank PRINCIPLES and BIOMECHANICS of ALIGNER TREATMENT Ravindra Nanda, BDS, MDS, PhD Professor Emeritus Department of Orthodontics University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, Connecticut, USA Tommaso Castroorio, DDS, PhD, Ortho. Spec. Department of Surgical Sciences, Postgraduate School of Orthodontics Dental School, University of orino orino, taly Francesco Garino, MD, Ortho. Spec. Private Practice orino, taly Kenji Ojima, DDS, MDSc Private Practice oyo, apan Elsevier 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 PRINCIPLES AND BIOMECHANICS OF ALIGNER TREATMENT, ISBN: 978-0-323-68382-1 FIRST EDITION Copyright © 2022 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verication of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or con- tributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN: 978-0-323-68382-1 Content Strategist: Joslyn Dumas Content Development Manager: Ellen Wurm-Cutter Content Development Specialist: Rebecca Corradetti Publishing Services Manager: Shereen Jameel Project Manager: Nadhiya Sekar Design Direction: Patrick Ferguson Printed in India Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Catherine, for her love, support, inspiration, and encouragement. RN To Katia, for showing me what love is and for keeping my feet on the ground. To Alessandro, Matilda, and Sveva, because you made the world a brighter place. To my friends, rancesco and Keni, for your passion, enthusiasm, commitment, and support you are always an eample to follow. To avi, for your trust and friend ship, for your guidance and leadership you have trans lated a vision into reality. t was a wonderful ourney with you thanks for your time and for sharing your eperience. TC would like to dedicate this book to all my family with a special thought to my dad, mentor and a visionary, who shared with me a passion in aligner orthodontics for years. FG My thanks to rancesco and Tommaso for sharing their friendship with me over so many years. The time spent writing this book with avi was amaing, like a dream for me. am truly grateful to my family for all of their support. KO Contributors Masoud Amirkhani, PhD Aldo iancotti, DDS MS Institute for Experimental Physics Researcher and Aggregate Professor Ulm University Department of Clinical Sciences and ranslational Ulm, Germany edicine University of ome “or ergata” Sean K. Carlson, DMD, MS ome, taly Associate Professor Department of Orthodontics uan Palo ome Arano, DDS, MSc School of Dentistry, University of the Pacic Associate Professor San Francisco, California, USA Orthodontics Program Universidad Autonoma de aniales Tommaso Castroorio, DDS, PhD, Ortho. Spec. aniales, Colomia Researcher and Aggregate Professor Department of Surgical Sciences, Postgraduate School of Mario reco, DDS, PhD Orthodontics Visiting Professor Dental School, University of orino University of ’Auila orino, taly ’Auila, taly Orthodontics Unit Visiting Professor San Giovanni attista ospital University of Ferrara orino, taly Ferrara, taly Chisato Dan, DDS uis uanca, DDS, MS, PhD Private Practice Research Associate Smile nnovation Orthodontics Department of Orthodontics oyo, apan University of Geneva Geneva, Siterland Iacopo Ciof, DDS, PhD Associate Professor osef Kuˇcera, MDr., PhD Division of Graduate Orthodontics and Centre for ultimodal Assistant Professor Sensorimotor and Pain esearch Department of Orthodontics Faculty of Dentistry Clinic of Dental edicine University of oronto First edical Faculty oronto, Ontario, Canada Charles University Prague, Cech epulic Daid Couchat, DDS, Ortho. Spec. Lecturer Private Practice Department of Orthodontics Cainet d’Orthodontie du dr Couchat Clinic of Dental edicine arseille, France Palacý University Olomouc, Cech epulic ae lkhol, DDS Senior Physician ernd . apatki, DDS, PhD Department of Orthodontics Department Head and hair Ulm University Department of Orthodontics Ulm, Germany Ulm University Ulm, Germany rancesco arino, MD Ortho. Spec. Private Practice Studio Associato dottri Garino orino, taly vi Contributors vii uca omardo, DDS, Ortho. Spec. Simone Parrini, DDS, Ortho. Spec. hairman and Professor Research Associate Postgraduate School of Orthodontics Department of Surgical Sciences, Postgraduate School in University of Ferrara Orthodontics Ferrara, taly Dental School, University of orino orino, taly Tianton ou, DMD, MSc Division of Gradual Orthodontics and Centre for ultimodal Serena aera, DDS, PhD, Ortho. Spec. Sensorimotor and Pain esearch Research Associate Faculty of Dentistry Department of Surgical Sciences, Postgraduate School in University of oronto Orthodontics oronto, Ontario, Canada Dental School, University of orino orino, taly Kam Malekian, DDS, MSc Private Practice ariele ossini, DDS, PhD, Ortho. Spec. Clinica io Research Associate adrid, Spain Department of Surgical Sciences, Postgraduate School in Orthodontics ianluca Mampieri, DDS, MS, PhD Dental School, University of orino Researcher and Aggregate Professor orino, taly Department of Clinical Sciences and ranslational edicine University of ome “or ergata” addah Saouni, DDS, Ortho. Spec. ome, taly Private Practice Cainet d’Orthodontie du dr Saouni doardo Mantoani, DDS, Ortho. Spec. andol ivage Research Associate Sanarysurer, France Department of Surgical Sciences, Postgraduate School in Orthodontics Sila Schmidt, DDS Dental School, University of orino Department of Orthodontics orino, taly Ulm University Ulm, Germany Io Marek, MDr., PhD Assistant Professor ör Schare, DDS, PhD, Ortho. Spec. Department of Orthodontics Private Practice Clinic of Dental edicine ieferorthopädische Prais Dr örg Schare Palacý University Cologne, Germany Oloumouc, Cech epulic onsultant iuseppe Siciliani, MD, DDS Department of Orthodontics hairman and Professor Clinic of Dental edicine School of Dentistry First edical Faculty University of Ferrara Charles University Ferrara, taly Prague, Cech epulic Ali Tassi, Sc, DDS, MClD Ortho aindra anda, DS, MDS, PhD Assistant Dean and hair Professor Emeritus Division of Graduate Orthodontics Division of Orthodontics Schulich School of edicine and Dentistry Department of Craniofacial Sciences he University of estern Ontario University of Connecticut School of Dental edicine ondon, Ontario, Canada Farmington, Connecticut, USA ohnn Tran, DMD, MClD Keni Oima, DDS, MDSc Division of Graduate Orthodontics Private Practice Schulich School of edicine and Dentistry Smile nnovation Orthodontics he University of estern Ontario oyo, apan ondon, Ontario, Canada viii Contributors laio rie, DDS, MDentSc enedict ilmes, DDS, MSc, PhD onn rthodontics Alumnianda rthodontics Professor Endoed hair Department of Orthodontics Program Director and Chair University of Düsseldorf Division of Orthodontics Düsseldorf, Germany Department of Craniofacial Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental edicine Farmington, Connecticut, USA