Principles and applications of positron & positronium chemistry

426 Pages·2003·17.65 MB·English

by  Y. C. Jean

Principles and Applications of
P O S I T R ON &
3
O S I T R O N I UM
CHEMISTRY
Editors
Y. C. Jean, P. E. Mallon & D. M. Schrader
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World Scientific
Principles and Applications of
POSITRON &
POSITRONIUM
CHEMISTRY
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Principles and Applications of
POSITRON &
POSITRONIUM
CHEMISTRY
Editors
Y C Jean
University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA
P E Mallon
University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
D M Schrader
Marquette University USA
V^b World Scientific
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Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: Suite 202, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF POSITRON AND POSITRONIUM CHEMISTRY
Copyright © 2003 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
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For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance
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not required from the publisher.
ISBN 981-238-144-9
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Printed in Singapore by Uto-Print
Preface
This book is a follow-up of our previous book, Positron and Positronium
Chemistry, published in 1988, edited by two of the current editors, D.M.
Schrader and Y.C. Jean. The idea of publishing a second comprehensive
book on the topic of positronium chemistry began in 1997 when one of the
editors, Professor D.M. Schrader, conducted a positron summer school (PSS-
97) three days preceding the 11th International Conference on Positron
Annihilation (ICPA-11) organized by one of the authors, Professor Y.C. Jean
in Kansas City. In PSS-97 about sixty students enrolled in a one-credit hour
graduate course, "Special Topics in Physical Chemistry," offered at the
University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC). Instructors were those
scientists most active in positronium chemistry, P. Coleman, J. Duplatre, H.
Stoll, D.M. Schrader, R.M. Nieminen, and Y.C. Jean who served as the
official instructor at UMKC. During the positron summer school, the idea of
publishing a graduate-level textbook in positronium chemistry crystallized.
At the same time, we realized that positron and positronium chemistry had
advanced significantly during the decade since we published the first book in
1988 and a new comprehensive book was needed for scientists who wish to
enter this area of research.
This book is designed mainly for two audiences: (1) for graduate students
who are pursing positron and positronium chemistry for their master or
doctoral degrees, and (2) for entering scientists interested in pursuing their
research career in the area of positron and positronium chemistry. This book
can also be readily used as a textbook for a graduate-level course in physical
chemistry or chemical physics. Some chapters are provided with exercises
and problems along with answers for this purpose. This book could be
beneficial for positron scientists who wish to have comprehensive reviews
on the current status of positronium chemistry.
Y.C. Jean, Kansas City, Missouri, USA, August, 2002
V
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Acknowledgments
This book could not have been realized without the authors' enthusiastic and
persistent contributions of their significant scientific works. In addition to
the authors, numerous others have contributed their works to the contents of
each chapter. Graduate students are always the most valuable contributors to
significant new science. I would like to express my gratitute to all my
previous and existing graduate students who have dedicated important years
of their lives to research in positron and positronium chemistry. During the
past two decades, the students who earned their graduate degrees in positron
and positronium chemistry at the University of Missouri-Kansas City
(UMKC) are: E. Parsai (1983, M.S. Physics), Dr. Chang Yu (M.S. Physics,
1984), Dr. K. Venkateswaren (Chemistry, 1984), Dr. N. Zhou (M.S. Physics,
1986), S. Budhabhattic (M.S. Physics, 1986), Dr. X. Tang (M.S. Physics,
1987), Dr. R. Ganti (Chemistry, 1987), J. Kyle (M.S. Physics, 1987), L.Y.
Hao (M.S. Physics, 1990), S. Sung (M.S. Chemistry, 1991), Dr. T.
Mahmood (Chemistry, 1991), Dr. X. Lu (M.S. Physics, 1992), Y. Lyu (M.S.
Physics, 1992), G.M. Zhou (M.S. Chemistry, 1992), C.F. Tsai (M.S.
Chemistry, 1992), Dr. H. Shi (Physics, 1993), Dr. Q. Deng (Chemistry,
1993), Dr. Q. Zhang (M.S. Chemistry, 1994), Dr. J. Liu (Chemistry, 1994),
G.F. Dai (M.S. Physics, 1994), H. Zhang (Physics, 1994), Y.S. Rhee (M.S.
Chemistry, 1995), Y. Gu (M.S. Physics, 1996), Dr. X. Hong (Chemistry,
1996), C.Y. Cheng (M.S. Chemistry, 1996), Dr. H.L. Yen (Physics, 1997),
Dr. H. Cao (Chemistry, 1998), Dr. J.-P. Yuan (Chemistry, 1999), Dr. C.-M.
Huang (Chemistry, 2000), and Dr. Renwu Zhang (Chemistry, 2002). Current
students working on their Ph.D. degrees in positron and positronium
chemistry and contributing much work to this book are: Hongmin Chen,
Ying Li, and Junjie Zhang. I also thank the greater than twenty scientists,
who have been associated with me at UMKC for their valuable contributions
to positron and positronium chemistry. The family tree started from Prof.
D.M. Schrader, who was my Ph.D. advisor in 1970 at Marquette University.
I also especially thank Mrs. Florence Middleton, the senior secretary in
the Department of Chemistry, UMKC, for her excellent contributions in
proofing and editing the manuscript for this book Mr. John Whitchurch,
electronic engineer, and Dr. Robert Middleton for their resourcefulness in
developing computer software.
Y.C.Jean
Vll
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CONTENTS
Preface v
Acknowledgments vii
1. Introduction to Positron and Positronium Chemistry 1
Y.C. Jean, P.E. Mallon, and DM. Schroder
1.1 A new chemistry: positronium chemistry 1
1.2 Existing books and articles on positron and
positronium chemistry and annihilation 6
Problems 9
References 10
Answers to problems 12
2. Compounds of Positrons and Positronium 17
DM. Schroder
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Quantum mechanical considerations 18
2.2.1 Basic physics of mixed electron-positron systems 18
2.2.2 The calculation of annihilation rates 19
2.2.3 Quantum mechanical methods 20
2.3 Current knowledge of bound states 25
2.3.1 Polyleptons 25
2.3.2 One-electron atom 27
2.3.3 Two-electron atoms (excluding He) 29
2.3.4 Thenonmetals 30
2.3.5 The noble gases 31
2.3.6 Molecules 33
Acknowledgment 33
References 34
IX