Principles and Applications of Fermentation Technology

470 Pages·2018·4.004 MB·English

by  Arindam Kuila (editor), Vinay Sharma (editor)

Principles and Applications
of Fermentation Technology
Scrivener Publishing
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Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Principles and Applications
of Fermentation Technology
Edited by
Arindam Kuila and Vinay Sharma
This edition first published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN: 978-1-119-46026-8
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Part I: Principles of Fermentation Technology 1
1 Fermentation Technology: Current Status and Future Prospects 3
Ritika Joshi, Vinay Sharma and Arindam Kuila
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Types of Fermentation Processes 4
1.2.1 Solid-State Fermentation 4
1.2.2 Submerged Fermentation 5
1.2.2.1 Batch Cultivation 5
1.2.2.2 Substrates Used for Fermentation 5
1.3 Enzymes 6
1.3.1 Bacterial Enzymes 6
1.3.2 Fungal Enzymes 6
1.4 Antibiotics 7
1.5 Fed-Batch Cultivation 8
1.6 Application of SSF 9
1.6.1 Enzyme Production 9
1.6.2 Organic Acids 10
1.6.3 Secondary Metabolites 10
1.6.4 Antibiotic 10
1.6.5 Biofuel 10
1.6.6 Biocontrol Agents 11
1.6.7 Vitamin 11
1.7 Future Perspectives 11
References 12
2 Modeling and Kinetics of Fermentation Technology 15
Biva Ghosh, Debalina Bhattacharya and
Mainak Mukhopadhyay
2.1 Introduction 16
v
vi Contents
2.2 Modeling 17
2.2.1 Importance of Modeling 18
2.2.2 Components of Modeling 20
2.2.2.1 Control Volume 20
2.2.2.2 Variables 22
2.2.2.3 Parameters 22
2.2.2.4 Mathematical Model 22
2.2.2.5 Automatization 23
2.3 Kinetics of Modeling 26
2.3.1 Thermodynamic 27
2.3.2 Phenomenological 27
2.3.3 Kinetic 27
2.3.3.1 Volumetric Rate and Specific Rate 28
2.3.3.2 Rate Expression for Microbial Culture 31
2.4 Conclusion 41
References 41
3 Sterilization Techniques used in Fermentation Processes 45
Shivani Sharma, Arindam Kuila and Vinay Sharma
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Rate of Microbial Death 46
3.3 How do Sterilants Work? 47
3.4 Types of Sterilization 47
3.4.1 Heat 48
3.4.2 Pressure 48
3.4.3 Radiation 48
3.4.4 Filtration 49
3.4.5 Steam Sterilization 49
3.5 Sterilization of the Culture Media 49
3.5.1 Batch Sterilization 49
3.5.2 Continuous Sterilization 50
3.6 Sterilization of the Additives 50
3.7 Sterilization of the Fermenter Vessel 51
3.8 Filter Sterilization 51
3.8.1 Diffusion 51
3.8.2 Inertial Impaction 51
3.8.3 Electrostatic Attraction 51
3.8.4 Interception 52
3.9 Sterilization of Air 52
References 52
Contents vii
4 Advances in Fermentation Technology: Principle and Their
Relevant Applications 53
Monika Choudhary, Sunanda Joshi,
Sameer Suresh Bhagyawant and Nidhi Srivastava
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Basic Principle of Fermentation 54
4.3 Biochemical Process 56
4.4 Fermentation Methodology 58
4.5 Biochemical Mechanism 59
4.6 Fermentation and its Industrial Applications 60
4.7 Relevance of Fermentation 61
4.8 Conclusion 62
References 63
5 Fermentation Technology Prospecting on
Bioreactors/Fermenters: Design and Types 65
Gauri Singhal, Vartika Verma, Sameer Suresh Bhagyawant
and Nidhi Srivastava
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 Bioreactor and Fermenter 67
5.3 Types of Fermenter and Bioreactor 68
5.3.1 Laboratory Scale Fermenters 68
5.3.2 Pilot Scale Fermenters 69
5.3.3 Industrial Scale Fermenter 69
5.4 Design and Operation 69
5.4.1 Fermenter Vessel 72
5.4.2 Heating and Cooling Apparatus 72
5.4.3 Sealing Assembly 73
5.4.4 Baffles 73
5.4.5 Impeller 73
5.4.6 Sparger 74
5.4.7 Feed Ports 74
5.4.8 Foam Control 74
5.4.9 Valves 74
5.4.10 Safety Valves 75
5.5 Classification of Bioreactor 75
5.6 Types of Fermenter/Bioreactor 75
5.6.1 Stirred Tank Fermentor 75
5.6.2 Airlift Fermentor 76
5.6.3 Bubble Column Fermentor 78
viii Contents
5.6.4 Packed Bed Reactors 78
5.6.5 Fluidized Bed Bioreactor 80
5.6.6 Photobioreactor 80
5.6.7 Membrane Bioreactor 81
5.7 Conclusion 82
References 82
Part II: Applications of Fermentation Technology 85
6 Lactic Acid and Ethanol: Promising Bio-Based Chemicals
from Fermentation 87
Andrea Komesu, Johnatt Oliveira,
Luiza Helena da Silva Martins, Maria Regina Wolf Maciel
and Rubens Maciel Filho
6.1 Introduction 88
6.2 Generalities about LA and Ethanol 89
6.3 Fermentation Methods to LA and Ethanol Production 93
6.4 Potential Raw Materials for Biotechnology Production 95
6.4.1 Potential Raw Materials for LA Production 95
6.4.2 Potential Raw Materials for Bioethanol Production 97
6.5 Challenges in LA and Ethanol Production 103
6.6 Integrated Ethanol and LA Production 105
6.7 Concluding Remarks 108
References 108
7 Application of Fermentation Strategies for Improved
Laccase Production 117
Priyanka Ghosh, Arpan Das and Uma Ghosh
7.1 Introduction 117
7.1.1 What is Laccase? 119
7.2 Major Factors Influencing Fermentation Processes
for Laccase Production 120
7.2.1 Influence of Carbon Source 120
7.2.2 Influence of Nitrogen Source 122
7.2.3 Influence of Temperature 123
7.2.4 Influence of pH 124
7.2.5 Influence of Inducer 124
7.3 Type of Cultivation 126
7.3.1 Submerged Fermentation 126
7.3.2 Solid-State Fermentation 126
7.4 Biotechnological Application of Laccases 129
7.4.1 Food Industry 129
Contents ix
7.4.2 Textile Industries 131
7.4.3 Paper Industry 131
7.4.4 Bioremediation 131
7.4.5 Pharmaceutical Industry 132
7.5 Conclusion 132
References 133
8 Use of Fermentation Technology for Value
Added Industrial Research 141
Biva Ghosh, Debalina Bhattacharya and
Mainak Mukhopadhyay
8.1 Introduction 142
8.2 Fermentation 143
8.3 Biofuel Production 144
8.3.1 Biohydrogen 144
8.3.2 Biodiesel 145
8.3.3 Bioethanol 146
8.4 1,3-Propanediol 146
8.5 Lactic Acid 147
8.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 149
8.7 Exopolysaccharides 150
8.8 Succinic Acid 151
8.9 Flavoring and Fragrance Substances 152
8.10 Hormones and Enzymes 153
8.11 Conclusion 156
References 157
9 Valorization of Lignin: Emerging Technologies
and Limitations in Biorefineries 163
Gourav Dhiman, Nadeem Akhtar and Gunjan Mukherjee
9.1 Introduction 164
9.2 Lignocellulosic Material: Focus on Second Generation
Biofuel 165
9.3 Composition and Biosynthesis of Lignin 166
9.3.1 Structure Analysis of Lignin 167
9.3.2 Degradative Analytical Techniques (Oxidation,
Reduction, Hydrolysis, and Acidolysis) 167
9.3.3 Non-Degradative Analytical Techniques
(Thioglycolic Acid–TGA and Acetyl
Bromide–ACBR) 168
9.4 Bioengineering of Lignin 168