Preventive Methods for Coastal Protection: Towards the Use of Ocean Dynamics for Pollution Control PDF
Preview Preventive Methods for Coastal Protection: Towards the Use of Ocean Dynamics for Pollution Control
Tarmo Soomere Ewald Quak Editors Preventive Methods for Coastal Protection Towards the Use of Ocean Dynamics for Pollution Control Preventive Methods for Coastal Protection Tarmo Soomere (cid:2) Ewald Quak Editors Preventive Methods for Coastal Protection Towards the Use of Ocean Dynamics for Pollution Control Editors TarmoSoomere EwaldQuak WaveEngineeringLaboratory WaveEngineeringLaboratory InstituteofCybernetics InstituteofCybernetics atTallinnUniversityofTechnology atTallinnUniversityofTechnology Tallinn,Estonia Tallinn,Estonia and EstonianAcademyofSciences Tallinn,Estonia ISBN978-3-319-00439-6 ISBN978-3-319-00440-2(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-00440-2 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013942501 Mathematics Subject Classification: 62P12, 62P30, 65C35, 65M06, 65M75, 76B15, 76F25, 86-08, 86A05,86A10,86A22,91B76 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) “Though thisbemadness, yetthereismethodin’t” WilliamShakespeare Foreword Shippingasmeansoftransportationhasbeenamongthefirstandmostdirectways forhumanstobenefitfromthemarineecosystemservices.Withtheincreasingvari- ability of industrialized production on land and intensifying globalization of the markets,thedirectenvironmentalpressurearisingfromshippingiseverincreasing. Through history, the ways of utilizing the offshore maritime resources have diver- sified. Therefore, prevention of harmful impacts from shipping and other offshore activitieshasakeypositionintoday’spoliciesconcerningthemarineenvironment andsustainability. In spite of navigation made complicated by narrow straits, shallow waters, labyrinthsofskerriesandislandsandwinterice,theBalticSeaisoneofthebusiest shippingregionsoftheworld.Itisprojectedthatthetransportationofgoodsthrough theBalticSeawilldoubleby2017.Oftheaverageof2,000shipsatseaeachday, 200aretankerscarryingoilorothersubstancesharmfulfortheenvironment.Dur- ingthefirstdecadeofthe21stcenturythereweremorethan50shippingaccidents causing pollution in the Baltic. In addition around 200 illegal spills are registered eachyear(HELCOM2010). This book summarizes results of BalticWay, one of sixteen projects funded by BONUS(www.bonusportal.org),thejointBalticSearesearchanddevelopmentpro- gramme, in 2009–2011. Its aim was to examine how to make shipping as well as offshoreandcoastalengineeringsaferbyusingnewknowledgeonsemi-persistent surfacecurrentsandtoavoidtransportofenvironmentallyharmfulspillstovulner- ablecoastalareas.Theaimwastoproducesciencebasedadvicetodecisionmaking inordertoreducetheenvironmentalrisk. TheBalticWayresearchisexemplaryinlinkingscienceandpolicy.Itisfounded on basic oceanographic research, using the modelling approach to make forecasts ofmaterialflowsinahighlydynamichydrographicenvironmentthatspatiallyand temporallyvariesacrossamultipleofscales.Atthesametime,theprojectresponds to many objectives and goals of today’s policies in consideration of environment and sustainability issues as well as to related demands on research, development andinnovation. vii viii Foreword Intoday’sreality,theemphasisofusingresearchasthebaseforpolicydecisions isacross-cuttingissueandfrequentlyfeaturedinenvironmentalandsustainability policy documents. The demand for strengthening the data and knowledge basis of policymakingisrepeatedindocumentsrangingfromtheglobal,UNledinitiatives (IOC/UNESCO2011),tomodernEUregulations(EC2008b)andtotheBalticSea ActionPlan(HELCOM2007)oftheBalticMarineEnvironmentProtectionCom- mission.TheissueisalsohighlightedasahorizontalactionintheoverarchingEU StrategyfortheBalticSeaRegion(EC2008a).Allinall,thereisanurgentneedfor targetedresearchfosteringsustainabledevelopment. From the wider perspective of research, development and innovation policy, the BalticWay project demonstrates the added value and power of multinational cooperation. Only recently have the national and EU level research governance structures been adapted so that they can efficiently support multinational coop- eration. The cradle of the BONUS programme that provided funding for all na- tionalities involved in the BalticWay and other BONUS projects that were im- plemented in 2009–2011, lies in the concept of the European Research Area (ec.europa.eu/research/era/index_en.htm).Itaimsataunifiedresearchareaopento theworldbasedontheinternalmarket,inwhichresearchers,scientificknowledge and technology move and circulate freely. The EU is fostering a better use of re- searchforthebenefitofthesocietybyvariousfundinginstruments.Inordertolead theeffortsofmarinesciencestowardsthisverygoal,theEUhasissueditsstrategy forthemarineandmaritimeresearch(EC2008a). Theaboveandmanyotherpoliciesareindicatinghowwehumansshouldlearn moreaboutnatureinordertoadjustouractivitiessothatourcommonplanetremains healthyforfuturegenerations.Yetbringingitallintopracticeneedsresearch.Also, it is not enough any more to be an excellent researcher but there is also a need to beconsciousaboutsocietalneedsandhowtheresultsfromresearchers’dedicated workcanbeutilizedforthebenefitofthecitizens. BalticWayputsintopracticethisnewwayofthinkingconcerningtheroleofsci- ence in society and in an excellent way shows what the role and place of science shouldbe.Itshowshowsciencethatseemsverytheoretical—fine-scalemodelling ofsemi-persistentsurfacecurrents—iscapableofproducingresultsthatpotentially have very important practical applications. The results and the management sug- gestions made by the project team are now under real-life proofing and feasibility validationandthiswaymostlikelyontheirwaytocontributingtoactualsolutions thatareneededforthegoodofthefutureoftheBalticSea. ExecutiveDirector,BONUS KaisaKononen ScienceforabetterfutureoftheBalticSearegion Helsinki,Finland Foreword ix References HELCOM(2010)MaritimeactivitiesintheBalticSea—anintegratedthematicassessmentonmar- itimeactivitiesandresponsetotheseapollutionintheBalticSearegion.BalticSeaenviron- mentproceedingsNo123 IOC/UNESCO,IMO,FAO,UNDP(2011)Ablueprintforoceanandcoastalsustainability.Paris, IOC/UNESCO European Commission (2008a, September 3) A European strategy for marine and maritime re- search. A coherent European Research Area framework in support of a sustainable use of oceansandseas.COM(2008)534final.RetrievedDecember13,2012,fromeur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0534:FIN:EN:PDF EuropeanCommission(2008b)Directive2008/56/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCoun- cil of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmentalpolicy HELCOM (2007) The BalticSea Action Plan.A new environmental strategy for the Baltic Sea region.Helsinki,BalticMarineEnvironmentProtectionCommission Preface Theaimofthisbookistopresentfornon-specialistresearchersandexpertsacom- prehensiveoverviewofthebackground,keyideas,basicmethods,implementation details and a selection of solutions offered by the novel technology for the opti- mizationofthelocationofdangerousoffshoreactivitiesintermsofenvironmental criteriathatwasdevelopedintheframeworkoftheBONUScooperation. Thefirstpartofthecollectionintroducesthebasicprinciplesofoceanmodelling and depicts the long way from the generic principles to the practical modelling of oilspillsandpropagationofotheradverseimpacts.Thesecondpartfocusesonthe techniquesforsolvingtheinverseproblemofquantificationofoffshoreareaswith respect to their ability to serve as a source of environmental danger to vulnerable regions. Thebookfirstpresentsanoverviewoftheessentialfeaturesofthehydrography, the functioning and the key properties of the dynamics of circulation and currents ofthemajorimplementationarea—theBalticSeaandtheGulfofFinland.Theba- sicprinciplesofEulerianmodellingof3Dcurrentsareintroducedintermsofboth genericconceptsandspecificimplementationforthecirculationmodelling.Thisis complementedbyanoverviewofthedifferencesincirculationmodelimplementa- tions for other potential target areas (such as the Mediterranean or the Black Sea) andofthelimitationsofcirculationmodelswhenitcomestooperationalmodelling of adverse impacts, e.g., oil spills, and specific features of operational and/or oil spillmodelling. Thebasicelementofthetechnology—Lagrangiantrajectoriesofadverseimpacts in the marine environment—is presented mostly from the viewpoint of their cal- culation from Eulerian information about marine currents. The relevant modelling efforts are complemented with results from the very first long-term experiments withLagrangiandriftersinthesurfaceandsubsurfacelayersoftheBalticSeaand the Gulf of Finland. Statistical analysis of properties of large pools of data about Lagrangian transport is applied for approximately solving the inverse problem of pollutionpropagation.Thisapproachisafeasiblewayforasystematicquantifica- tion of the offshore areas in terms of the potential of current-induced transport of adverseimpacts(releasedintheseareas)tovulnerabledomains.Themapscharac- xi xii Preface terizingthispotentialareusedfortheconstructionofoptimalfairwaysandthebest locationsofpotentiallydangerousactivities.Finally,applicationsofthedeveloped technologyforsolvingcertainproblemsofmaritimespatialplanningarediscussed togetherwithnewpossibilitiesforexpressmethodsfortestingthevulnerabilityof aparticularseaarea,theapplicabilityoftheentireapproachanddirectestimatesof thepotentialbenefitfromthenewfairwaydesigns. Thechaptersarewritteninatutorialstyle;theyaremostlyself-containedandun- derstandablefornon-specialistresearchersandstudents.Thegoalwastohighlight all key steps, methods,models and data sets necessary to be combined in order to producethepracticallyusabletechnologyand/ordecisionsupportsystemforapar- ticularseadomain.Thebookwasdesignednotonlyasadescriptionandamanualof theparticulartechnologybutalsoasaroadmaphighlightingcomplicatedtechnical issuesofoceanmodellingforpracticalpurposesthatarefrequentlyhiddendeepin modelmanuals. To ensure the scientific quality of the contributions, each chapter was carefully reviewed by two to four independent experts, with at least one from outside the BalticSeasciencecommunity.Specialthanksgotoallauthorsandreferees,without whomthemakingofthisbookwouldnothavebeenpossible.Finally,financialand mentalsupportbytheBONUSinitiativeduringallphasesofthepreparationofthis bookiswarmlyacknowledged. Tallinn,Estonia TarmoSoomere March2013 EwaldQuak
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