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ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA S E C O N D E D I T I O N VOLUME 9 Her–Int Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor IN ASSOCIATION WITH KETER PUBLISHING HOUSE LtD., JERUSALEM ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor Shlomo S. (Yosh) Gafni, Editorial Project Manager Rachel Gilon,EditorialProject Planning and Control Thomson Gale Gordon Macomber, President Frank Menchaca, Senior Vice President and Publisher Jay Flynn, Publisher Hélène Potter, Publishing Director Keter Publishing House Yiphtach Dekel, ChiefExecutive Officer Peter Tomkins, Executive Project Director Complete staff listings appear in Volume 1 ©2007 Keter Publishing House Ltd. mechanical, including photocopying, recording, Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all Thomson Gale is a part of The Thomson taping, web distribution, or information storage copyright notices, the acknowledgments consti- Corporation. Thomson, Star Logo and Macmillan retrieval systems – without the written tute an extension of the copyright notice. Reference USA are trademarks and Gale is a permission of the publisher. registered trademark used herein under license. For permission to use material from this While every effort has been made to ensure the product, submit your request via Web at reliability of the information presented in this For more information, contact http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you publication, Thomson Gale does not guarantee Macmillan Reference USA may download our Permissions Request form the accuracy of the data contained herein. 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No part of this work covered by the copyright 800-877-4253 ext. 8006 hereon may be reproduced or used in any form Fax: or by any means – graphic, electronic, or (+1) 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Encyclopaedia Judaica / Fred Skolnik, editor-in-chief ; Michael Berenbaum, executive editor. -- 2nd ed. v. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v.1. Aa-Alp. ISBN 0-02-865928-7 (set hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865929-5 (vol. 1 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02- 865930-9 (vol. 2 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865931-7 (vol. 3 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865932-5 (vol. 4 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865933-3 (vol. 5 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865934-1 (vol. 6 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865935-X (vol. 7 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865936-8 (vol. 8 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865937-6 (vol. 9 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865938-4 (vol. 10 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02- 865939-2 (vol. 11 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865940-6 (vol. 12 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865941-4 (vol. 13 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865942-2 (vol. 14 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865943-0 (vol. 15: alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865944-9 (vol. 16: alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865945-7 (vol. 17: alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865946-5 (vol. 18: alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865947-3 (vol. 19: alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865948-1 (vol. 20: alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865949- X (vol. 21: alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865950-3 (vol. 22: alk. paper) 1. Jews -- Encyclopedias. I. Skolnik, Fred. II. Berenbaum, Michael, 1945- DS102.8.E496 2007 909’.04924 -- dc22 2006020426 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-865928-2 (set) 978-0-02-865933-6 (vol. 5) 978-0-02-865938-1 (vol. 10) 978-0-02-865943-5 (vol. 15) 978-0-02-865948-0 (vol. 20) 978-0-02-865929-9 (vol. 1) 978-0-02-865934-3 (vol. 6) 978-0-02-865939-8 (vol. 11) 978-0-02-865944-2 (vol. 16) 978-0-02-865949-7 (vol. 21) 978-0-02-865930-5 (vol. 2) 978-0-02-865935-0 (vol. 7) 978-0-02-865940-4 (vol. 12) 978-0-02-865945-9 (vol. 17) 978-0-02-865950-3 (vol. 22) 978-0-02-865931-2 (vol. 3) 978-0-02-865936-7 (vol. 8) 978-0-02-865941-1 (vol. 13) 978-0-02-865946-6 (vol. 18) 978-0-02-865932-9 (vol. 4) 978-0-02-865937-4 (vol. 9) 978-0-02-865942-8 (vol. 14) 978-0-02-865947-3 (vol. 19) This title is also available as an e-book ISBN-10: 0-02-866097-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-866097-4 Contact your Thomson Gale representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Entries Her–Int 5 • Abbreviations General Abbreviations 841 Abbreviations used in Rabbinical Literature 842 Bibliographical Abbreviations 848 • Transliteration Rules 861 Glossary 864 Initial letter “H” from the beginning of Exodus in a Latin Bible, France, 12th century. The illumination shows Jacob and his sons going down to Egypt. Amiens, Bibliothèque Munici- Her–Hy pale, Ms. 21, fol. 27. HERACLES (Latin: Hercules), mythological Greek hero °HERACLIUS, emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 610 whom Philo praises as a benefactor of mankind and for to 641. He is known for his repression of the Jews as a punish- his courage and determination. The historian *Cleodemus- ment for their sympathy, aid, and collaboration (alleged and Malchus (cited by Josephus (Ant., 1:240–1) from *Alexan- actual) with the Persians during their conquest of Jerusalem der Polyhistor) relates that the sons of Abraham by *Keturah in 614. Information on such conduct comes mainly from mo- campaigned with Heracles against Libya and that the daugh- nastic sources. When Jerusalem was recaptured by Heraclius ter of one of them married Heracles and bore him a son. in 629 he encouraged the indiscriminate slaughter of Jews and Plutarch, without mentioning that Heracles’ wife was the ultimately their expulsion from the city. After Edessa was re- granddaughter of Abraham, has a similar account (Life of taken by Heraclius, the Jews continued to resist even after the Sertorius, 9). Persians had surrendered and therefore they were expelled [Howard Jacobson] on Heraclius’ orders. Shortly afterward the Arabs conquered Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. In 632, motivated by exaggerated °HERACLITUS (c. 500 B.C.E.), Greek philosopher. Philo as- stories of Jewish sympathy for Islam, Heraclius decreed the serts that Heraclitus stole his theory of opposites from Moses, forced baptism of all Jews in the empire, but the decree was but condemns him for not believing in a divine agency be- enforced only in Carthage. He also put into effect *Justini- yond the world. “Heraclitean” views on the constant motion an’s novella 146, which interfered with synagogue services of all things and on the origin of the world in fire were known and found an echo in contemporary apocalyptic texts. Some to and sometimes opposed by medieval Jewish philosophers, scholars consider that Heraclius appears as the notorious King e.g., *Saadiah Gaon. *Armilus destined to be slain by the Messiah according to the ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 9 5 heraldry Hebrew apocalypse Sefer Zerubbavel, written in the 630s. It is Batsheba Schmieles, was ennobled at the same time, having reported that Heraclius advised Dagobert, king of the Franks, in 1622 been made a knight of the Holy Roman Empire with to kill Jews who would not accept Christianity. Despite his the title of *Bassevi of Treuenberg. anti-Jewish acts, the Jews of Constantinople were in a strong The largest group claiming armorial bearings were those enough position after his death to participate in a street riot Jews of *Marrano descent whose ancestors had adopted the during which they invaded Hagia Sophia. The emperor and name of the persons sponsoring them for baptism. This would his retinue during their stay in Erez Israel were entertained by not have given them the right to bear the same arms, although ̣ the wealthy and prominent *Benjamin of Tiberias, who later Isaac da Costa argues that the Christian and Jewish branches converted to Christianity. (See Israel, *History.) of these families were indistinguishable. Others inherited Bibliography: J. Starr, Jews in the Byzantine Empire (1939), arms which had actually been granted to their Marrano an- index; idem, in: JPOS, 15 (1935), 280–93; idem, in: Byzantinischeneu- cestors. Among these were Isaac Lousada (d. 1857), who was grieschische Jahrbuecher, 16 (1940), 192–6; Hilkowitz, in: Zion, 4 (1927), confirmed by the Spanish government in 1848 in the title of 256–76; Baron, Social2, 3 (1957), 20–24; A. Sharf, in: Byzantinische duke and grandee of Spain of the first class; Isaac da Silva Zeitschrift, 48 (1955), 103–15; Hilkowitz, in: Zion, 4 (1939), 307–16; Y. *Solis, whose father was made marquis of Montfort in 1673; Ibn Shmuel, Midreshei Ge’ullah (19542), 56–92; A.A. Vasiliev, History Antonio Lopez *Suasso (Isaac Israel Suasso), made baron of of the Byzantine Empire, 1 (1965), 195–9. [Andrew Sharf] Avernas de Gras in 1676; and the de *Pinto family descended from Manuel Alvarez Pinto, who was made a knight of St. Jago HERALDRY. Seventeenth-century writers on heraldry in 1640. Manuel (Isaac Henriques) Pimentel obtained a dec- claimed that the origins of coats of arms could be found in laration in 1674 signed on behalf of the Spanish king that he Numbers 2:2: “The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron saying was entitled to use the ancient arms of Pimentel. The original ‘The Israelites shall camp each with his standard under the arms of Pereira and Teixeira contained crosses and were ac- banners of their ancestral house.’” Although this theory has cordingly modified by Jewish families of that name. been abandoned, it would seem that the standards borne by The English College of Arms raised no difficulty about the 12 tribes served the same purpose as heraldic devices. granting or registering arms for Jews who had been born in The colors (Num. R. 2:7; Ex. 36:17–21) and emblems were England or had been naturalized or endenizened. The earli- as follows: Reuben – red; emblem: mandrakes (Gen. 30:14). est record in this connection, that of 1568 concerning the New Simeon – green; emblem: the town of Shechem (Gen. 34:25f.). Christian family of Anes (JHSET 11, 18), is of only slight Jewish Levi – white, black, and red; emblem: the Urim and Thum- significance, and the first patents of arms for Jews relate to the mim (Deut. 33:9). Judah – azure; emblem: a lion (Gen. 49:9). ancient canting arms of Da *Costa: “gules six broken bones, Issachar – black; emblem: a strong-boned ass (Gen. 49:14) or two two and two barwise and the joynts almost meeting each sun and moon (I Chron. 12:33). Zebulun – white; emblem: a other in pale argent.” These were registered in 1723 and 1725 ship (Gen. 49:13). Dan – sapphire; emblem: a serpent (Gen. with variations for Leonor da Costa, her cousin Catharine da 49:17) or a lion’s whelp (Deut. 33:22). Gad – grey; emblem: a Costa Villareal, and her nephew Anthony *Mendes; the first tent (Gen. 49:19) or a lion (Deut. 33:20). Naphtali – rose; em- two declared that the arms had been borne by their late hus- blem: a hind (Gen. 49:21). Asher – aquamarine; emblem: an bands before they settled in England, while Anthony Mendes olive tree (Gen. 49:20; Deut. 33:24). Ephraim and Manasseh – claimed them through his father Dr. Fernando Mendes. The black, embroidered with a picture of Egypt; emblem: Ephraim, arms registered for de *Aguilar, *Castello, and *Salvador were a bullock (Deut. 33:17) and Manasseh, a wild ox. Benjamin – 12 also of Spanish or Portuguese origin. The grant of arms to colors; emblem: a wolf (Gen. 49:27). Sir Morris *Ximenes, dated May 5, 1807, recites that the arms Modern heraldry is founded on a system of heraldry which his family had always used were similar to those borne which developed in feudal Western Europe at the time of the by Cardinal Ximenes from a branch of whose family he was Crusades and was based on the principle that only the land- traditionally descended, a claim which today would be re- owning class, which formed the nobility, was entitled to bear ceived with considerable doubt. arms. The extensive use of emblems by Jews for seals some- Some of these coats of arms contain Jewish features. Both times led to a design similar to a coat of arms, such as the the Belilios and the *Mocatta arms include a seven-branch 14t-century seal used by Kalonymus b. Todros of Narbonne candlestick. The Franco (*Lopes) arms were confirmed in 1760 which consisted of a shield charged with a lion rampant; and by the College of Arms to Jacob Franco, “his ancestors having the king of Portugal, Alfonso Henriques (1094–1185), was used for their armorial ensigns on a field a fountain proper said to have granted a coat of arms to a Jew. Nevertheless, thereout issuant a palm tree vert… represented on a marble the system which prevented Jews from bearing arms was not monument in the synagogue of the Jewish nation in the City relaxed until the 16t century. By then, in most countries of of Leghorn.” The arms granted in 1819 to Moses *Montefiore Western Europe grants of arms had become the prerogative were based on the family badge embroidered on an Ark cur- of the sovereign, who could confer them as a reward for ser- tain presented to the Levantine synagogue at Ancona in 1635 vices rendered; they did not necessarily carry with them the by Judah Leone Montefiore. In 1831 Moses Montefiore ob- status of nobility. The first Jew to receive a grant of arms, Jacob tained as an augmentation to the banner on his crest the word 6 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 9 herberg, will Jerusalem in Hebrew characters of gold to commemorate his hand grasping three arrows in their coat of arms to represent visit to the Holy Land in 1827. In 1841 after his intervention the three de Worms brothers. In Italy the Jews followed the with the sultan at Constantinople about the *Damascus Affair, practice common among families of all classes of adopting he recorded details of the affair as well as a copy of the sultan’s family badges. Some of these, as in the cases of Franco and firman at the College of Arms. At the same time he received Montefiore, were later incorporated in coats of arms, but in an additional crest, and Queen Victoria granted him the right their original form they were extensively used on seals, mar- to bear supporters, “being desirous of giving an especial mark riage contracts, tombstones, and personal effects. of our royal favor… in commemoration of these his unceas- Bibliography: L. Wolf, in: JHSET, 2 (1894/95), 153–69; I. da ing exertions on behalf of his injured and persecuted brethren Costa, Noble Families among the Sephardic Jews… (1936); A. Rubens, although the privilege of bearing supporters be limited to the in: Anglo-Jewish Notabilities (1949), 75–128; C. Roth, Stemmi di Fami- peers of our realm, the knights of our orders and the proxies glie Ebraiche Italiane (1967). [Alfred Rubens] of princes of our blood” (Sir Moses was then only a knight bachelor). Each of the supporters carried a flagstaff with the HERAT, city in N.W. Afghanistan. Jewish settlement there word Jerusalem in Hebrew characters of gold. The *Sassoon goes back to early Islamic times. The recent discovery in Firu- arms were usually emblazoned with the motto in Latin and zkuh, near Herat, of 20 Judeo-Persian tombstone inscriptions Hebrew, but the Hebrew motto is not mentioned in the grant covering the years 1115–1215 indicates the existence of a Jew- of arms made in 1862 to David Sassoon. The priestly blessing ish settlement with a cemetery. Firuzkuh was destroyed by the is referred to in the motto, “the Lord bless them,” adopted by *Mongol invasion (1221), and the Jewish survivors may have Sir Samuel Sydney Cohen of Sydney, Australia, in 1947. The fled further east, perhaps to China. From 1839 the commu- emblem of the tribe of Benjamin forms the basis of the coat nity in Herat absorbed many refugees from *Meshed across of arms granted, also in 1947, to the descendants of Sir Ben- the Persian border, victims of a forced conversion decree. The jamin Benjamin of Melbourne, Australia: “Azure, a wolf pas- outbreak of Anglo-Persian hostilities in the second part of the sant between three stars of six points argent.” 19t century caused many of these Meshed Conversos to be ex- Naphtali Basevi, maternal grandfather of Benjamin *Dis- pelled from Herat, forcing them to settle in the vicinity of Baba raeli, earl of Beaconsfield, used an unregistered coat of arms, Qudrat. Ephraim *Neumark found in Herat in 1884 about 300 the charges on which were a lion, supposed to be for St. Mark Jewish families, engaged in commerce, handicrafts, and trade of Venice, an eagle for Austria, and a crescent for Turkey; ac- with India and Central Asia. In 1898 E.N. *Adler discovered cording to family tradition, they were the arms granted to in the city some Hebrew manuscripts written in 1773. Many an ancestor, Solomon ben Nathan *Ashkenazi (1520?–1602), Jews from Herat emigrated to Palestine in the early decades in reward for his services in negotiating a peace treaty when of the 20t century, among them R. Garji and his family, and serving as Turkish ambassador to Venice. A similar device is the Shauloff family. They brought with them manuscripts of used as a printer’s mark in the Midrash Tanhuma printed by ̣ Judeo-Persian literature which they printed in Jerusalem. In Abraham Basevi at Verona in 1595 and on Basevi tombstones the late 1960s the Jewish community in Herat had dwindled in that city. Disraeli himself adopted the lion and the eagle and to only a few families. added a castle for Castille. According to him the lion repre- Bibliography: W.J. Fischel, in: JAOS, 85 (1965), 148–53; I. Ben sented Leon and was the device of his Lara ancestors, but in Zvi, Meḥkarim u-Mekorot (1966), 325, 331–3. Add. Bibliography: fact his Spanish lineage was fanciful. R.N. Frye, “Harāt,” in: EIS2, 3 (1971), 177–78. In contrast with conditions in England, there were few [Walter Joseph Fischel] instances of Jews receiving grants of arms on the Continent prior to the 19t century. When the four *Rothschild brothers, HERBERG, WILL (1909–1977), U.S. theologian and social Amschel, Solomon, Carl, and James, were ennobled by the em- critic. Herberg was born and reared in New York City. A child peror Francis II of Austria in 1816, the first somewhat ambi- of assimilated Russian Jewish intellectuals, he joined the Com- tious design for their coat of arms was rejected by the Austrian munist Party in 1924 and broke with it in 1931. From 1934 to Heralds’ College with the comment that it was “necessary to 1946 he served as educational director and labor analyst for proceed with the greatest caution particularly in the case of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union. Returning members of the Jewish nation for various reasons and more to academic life in 1946, he held academic positions at major especially because they are not familiar with the prerogatives universities and from 1955 was on the faculty of Drew Univer- of nobility.” The coat of arms granted in 1817 had as charges: sity, becoming professor of philosophy and culture. Herberg a half eagle and an arm bearing four arrows, not five, because was reared as an atheist and became a Marxist at the age of 15. Nathan, the English brother, was not included (E.C. Corti, On breaking with the Communist Party, he began a serious The Rise of the House of Rothschild, 1 (1928), 193). He himself study of theology and was deeply influenced by Karl Barth, was granted a different coat of arms by the English College Emil Brunner, and Reinhold Niebuhr. Niebuhr’s political and of Arms in February 1818, consisting of a “lion passant guar- theological thinking had a profound impact on Herberg. The dant grasping with the dexter forepaw five arrows.” The de Jewish thinkers who influenced Herberg were Buber, Rosen- *Worms family, who were kinsmen of the Rothschilds, had a zweig and, to a lesser extent, Solomon Schechter. ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 9 7 herbs, medicinal His return to Judaism, if it can be called a “return,” for that people should pray to the Almighty for mercy and not rely there was no Judaism in his background, took place around solely on remedies. Maimonides, however, rejects the legend. 1944 and was documented in a major article, “From Marxism Except for ירִצֳ (ẓori, “balm”), stated to be efficacious in cur- to Judaism,” published in Commentary magazine in 1947. This ing wounds (Jer. 8:22, 46:11, 51:8), no medicinal herbs or pro- was followed in 1951 by Judaism and Modern Man: An Inter- phylactics are mentioned in the Bible. It is suggested that the pretation of Jewish Religion. Herberg’s contribution to contem- story of the *mandrakes (Gen. 30:14–17) alludes to this plant’s porary Jewish thought has been the rediscovery of the central properties in promoting pregnancy, but the passage seems spe- importance of the covenant for Jewish existence and the con- cifically intended rather to point out that pregnancy is a gift of ception of idolatry for modern man. Denying emancipation the Lord, for Leah, who handed over the mandrakes, became views of Jewishness as synagogue affiliation (Western views) pregnant and not Rachel, who received them. The Bible sev- or as shtetl citizenship (East European views), Herberg saw eral times mentions toxic plants from which poisons were ex- Jewishness as covenantal existence, an existence that makes tracted, such as שׁארֹ or שׁוֹר (rosh, “*hemlock”; AV, JPS, “gall”) sense of Jewish specificity-particularity and Jewish universal- and הנָעֲלַ (la’anah, “wormwood”), these having apparently also ity. The rediscovery of idolatry, that the biblical conception of been used in minute quantities as remedies, as testified by idolatry was not simply the rejection of the worship of sticks Greek and Roman medical writings. Of the toxic plant תוֹעקֻּפַּ and stones but the denial of the claims of all human absolutes, (pakku’ot; AV, JPS, “gourds”), colocynth (see *cucumber), it is led him to see that “idolatry” remains a permanently relevant told that during a famine in the days of Elisha one of the dis- category of Jewish thought. Like thinkers before him, such as ciples, intending to gather תוֹרוֹא (orot; AV, JPS, “herbs”), that Samuel David Luzzatto, Herberg distinguished between the is, according to R. Meir, roquet, a medicinal herb especially Greco-Oriental and Hebraic religions, and includes Christi- efficacious in eye diseases, instead collected and boiled a dish anity, since it is rooted in Hebrew Scripture, as a Hebraic re- of colocynth. After eating of it, the disciples cried out: “There ligion. Following F. Rosenzweig, he had a view of the double is death in the pot,” but by adding flour to the dish Elisha made covenant in terms of Judaism and Christianity. it edible (II Kings 4:39–41), the flour having absorbed, some Stemming from his interest in social, political, and theo- contend, the fruit’s bitter toxic substance. logical matters Herberg published Protestant-Catholic-Jew: An Whereas the Bible speaks very little about medicinal Essay in American Religious Sociology (1955; revised 1960); and plants, talmudic literature mentions many herbs, some re- three monographs, “The Jewish Labor Movement in America” garded as cures, others used as a prophylactic against vari- (1950), “The Political Theory of American Marxism” (1951), ous ailments. From time immemorial popular medicine has “Religion and Education in America” (1961). Herberg later used numerous herbs, particularly wild plants, as remedies. wrote Judaism and Modern Man (1970) and Faith Enacted The classical medical literature of Theophrastus, Pliny, Dio- as History: Essays in Biblical Theology (1976). He edited The scorides, Galen, and others shows that different remedial Writings of Martin Buber (1956), Four Existentialist Theolo- qualities were ascribed to the vast majority of herbs, some of gians (1958), and Community, State and Church: Three Essays which were used by many peoples. In talmudic literature close by Karl Barth (1960). From Marxism to Judaism: The Collected upon 70 plants are mentioned as having medicinal properties, Essays of Will Herberg was published in 1988. including plants mainly used as food, such as olives, dates, Bibliography: Arthur A. Cohen, The Natural and the Super- pomegranates, quinces among fruit – and garlic, *beet, *hys- natural Jew (1962), ch. 3, sect. 6. Add. Bibliography: M. Marty sop, *cumin, and *fennel-flower among vegetables and spices. and H. Ausmus, Will Herberg: From Right to Right (1987); H. Ausmus, In addition wild plants are mentioned which were used prin- Will Herberg: A Bio-Bibliography (1985). cipally for remedial purposes. The following are some of the [Monford Harris] medicinal plants enumerated in the Talmud: for a liver ail- ment, רזֶﬠֶוֹי (yo’ezer “maidenhair fern”; Adiantum capillus ve- HERBS, MEDICINAL. In ancient times herbs were the neris; Shab. 14:3; Shab. 109b); as an antidote for snake poison, main source of remedies. According to the Book of *Jubilees הﬠֶוֹר בוּבּאַ (abbuv ro’eh, “knoodweed,” Polygonum aviculare; (10:12), the angels revealed the various remedies to Noah, who ibid.); for eye ailments, scurvy, and intestinal worms, ריגִּרְגַּ wrote them down in a book. *Asaph the physician adds that (gargir, “roquet”; Eruca sativa; Shab. 109a; Git. 69b); recom- Noah, having been taught by the angel Raphael the remedies mended for intestinal worms are the leaves of ארָﬠָ (ara, “bay”; obtainable from trees, plants, and roots, recorded them in a Laurus nobilis; Git. 69b) and בוֹזאֵ (ezov, “hyssop”; Majorana book which he gave to his son Shem and which was used by syriaca; Shab. 109b); for intestinal ailments, םייִלַחְשִׁ (shiḥlayim, the ancient physicians (Asaph, ed. Venetianer, 6). Apparently “garden cress”; Lepidium sativum; Av.Zar. 29a; Git. 57a); in olden times books of remedies were common among the for skin disease, דרֶתֶּ (tered, “spinach beet”; Beta vulgaris people. One of them, mentioned by Maimonides as having var. cicla; Shab. 133b f.), considered efficacious in many ail- supposedly been written by Solomon (Maim., commentary ments, it having been said that “a broth of spinach beet is on Pes. 4:9; cf. Jos., Ant. 8:45ff.), was suppressed by order of beneficial for the heart, good for eyes, and still more so Hezekiah, king of Judah, for which action he was praised by for the bowels” (Ber. 39a); for אשָ ׁירֵדְּ אמָדְּ (dema de-reisha), the sages (Pes. 4:9); his purpose, so commentators explain, was apparently blood pressure in the head, סדַהֲ (Hadas, “myr- 8 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 9

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